Hypothermia occurs when the body’s core temperature drops below 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit), falling below the range needed for normal bodily functions. It develops when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, leading to a dangerously low internal temperature. This condition is life-threatening, making early recognition important.
Recognizing Initial Indicators
One of the first and most noticeable signs of developing hypothermia is shivering. This involuntary muscle contraction is the body’s natural attempt to generate heat. It is an automatic defense mechanism, showing the body is still trying to combat the cold.
As body temperature continues to decline into mild hypothermia (between 32 to 35 degrees Celsius or 89.6 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit), other indicators may appear alongside shivering. Individuals might experience mental confusion, impaired judgment, slurred speech, and clumsiness. A pale and cool skin tone can also manifest. These initial symptoms require immediate attention.
Progression of Symptoms
As hypothermia progresses from mild to moderate stages (28 to 32 degrees Celsius or 82.4 to 89.6 degrees Fahrenheit), symptoms become more pronounced. A significant sign is when shivering stops, indicating the body’s heat-generating mechanisms are failing. Confusion deepens, and the individual may become drowsy or lethargic.
Symptoms can include a slowed heart rate, breathing, and decreased coordination. In severe cases (below 28 degrees Celsius or 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit), the person may lose consciousness. Their pulse and breathing can become undetectable. Muscles may stiffen, pupils can dilate, and the individual may appear deceased.
Responding to Hypothermia
If hypothermia is suspected, seek immediate medical help by calling emergency services. While waiting for assistance, gently move the affected person to a warmer, dry location, or shield them from cold and wind if moving indoors is not possible. Carefully remove any wet clothing and replace it with dry blankets or warm garments.
Focus on warming the person’s core—the chest, neck, and groin—using dry compresses or warm blankets. Avoid rapid rewarming methods, such as hot baths or heating lamps, as these can be dangerous. If the person is conscious and able to swallow, offer warm, sweet, non-alcoholic, and non-caffeinated beverages. Preventing hypothermia involves dressing in layers, staying dry, and being mindful of environmental conditions.