Om is a sacred sound and symbol deeply embedded in the practice of yoga and various spiritual traditions. This single syllable is often referred to as the “sound of the universe,” representing the entirety of creation and existence. It serves as a foundational mantra and meditative tool used to align the practitioner with a broader sense of cosmic harmony. Using Om in a yoga practice helps establish a central point of focus and prepares the mind for deeper contemplation.
Defining Om: Sound, Symbol, and Significance
Om, accurately transliterated as Aum, is considered the pranava, or the primordial sound vibration from which all other sounds and forms originate. Ancient philosophical texts, such as the Upanishads, identify Om as the supreme mantra, embodying the ultimate reality called Brahman. This syllable transcends specific cultural or religious boundaries, remaining central to Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain traditions.
The significance of Om lies in its representation of the totality of time and existence. It symbolizes the past, present, and future, as well as the beginning, middle, and end of life’s cycles. In the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Om is referenced as the word that expresses Ishvara, a supreme, untroubled consciousness, symbolizing the divine source. Chanting this sound is believed to generate an energetic vibration that harmonizes the nervous system, aiding in stress reduction and mental clarity.
Om is also recognized by its distinct visual symbol (ॐ). This symbol is frequently displayed in yoga studios and on mats, acting as a visual representation of the philosophy of yoga. The spiritual discipline of chanting Om, known as Pranav Japa, bridges the physical aspects of yoga with spiritual growth.
The Structure of A-U-M and States of Consciousness
The sound Om is fundamentally composed of three distinct audible elements—A, U, and M—followed by a fourth, silent state. This four-part structure, A-U-M, maps directly onto the three primary states of human consciousness that a person cycles through daily. The Mandukya Upanishad is dedicated to exploring the meaning of Om and its relationship to these states of awareness.
The first sound, ‘A’ (Akaara), is pronounced with the mouth open and is felt vibrating in the lower part of the body, often the abdomen or pelvis. This sound represents the waking state (Jagrat), where consciousness is turned outward, engaging with the sensory, external world.
The second sound, ‘U’ (Ukaara), transitions the mouth partially closed, and its vibration is typically felt in the chest and throat region. This sound corresponds to the dreaming state (Taijasa), where consciousness is turned inward to the subtle world of emotions and thoughts.
The third sound, ‘M’ (Makaara), is a prolonged humming sound made with the lips gently closed, resonating primarily in the head, sinuses, and crown of the skull. This represents the state of deep sleep (Prajna), where the mind is at rest and consciousness is undifferentiated.
The fourth part is the silence, or the pause, that naturally follows the complete sound of A-U-M. This stillness is known as Turiya, or the “fourth state,” and represents absolute consciousness, a transcendent reality beyond the three other states.
Incorporating Om into Your Yoga Practice
Chanting Om is a practical method for centering the mind and preparing the body for a yoga session. It is commonly recited at both the beginning and the end of a class, acting as a bookend for the practice. Starting the practice with Om helps to harmonize individual energies and establish a collective, mindful space. Ending the practice seals the benefits and grounds the experience.
To chant, practitioners sit in a comfortable position, such as cross-legged, with a straight spine to allow for the free flow of breath and vibration. The process begins with a deep, conscious inhalation, followed by an extended exhalation during which the three sounds are vocalized. The ideal technique involves transitioning smoothly from the open ‘A’ sound to the ‘U’ and finally to the closed-lip ‘M,’ ensuring the exhalation is significantly longer than the inhale.
The physical act of chanting creates palpable vibrations within the body, beginning in the lower abdomen with ‘A’ and moving upward through the chest with ‘U,’ culminating in the head with ‘M’. This upward movement of sound is believed to cleanse and activate the energetic centers of the body. The practice focuses on allowing the sound to be done through the practitioner, fostering egolessness and focused presence.