Olefin sulfonate is a widely used ingredient in many everyday products. This compound functions as a surfactant, a chemical that lowers the surface tension between liquids or between a liquid and a solid. Its properties make it a common component in various cleaning and personal care formulations.
Chemical Nature and Functional Properties
Olefin sulfonate, often referred to as Alpha Olefin Sulfonate (AOS), is classified as an anionic surfactant. This means it carries a negative charge when dissolved in water, a characteristic that enables its primary function: reducing surface tension. This reduction allows water to spread more easily, penetrate surfaces, and mix with oil and dirt, which are typically immiscible with water. As a result, olefin sulfonate effectively lifts away grime and facilitates rinsing.
The compound’s structure, typically derived from alpha-olefins with 14 to 16 carbon atoms, contributes to its performance. It exhibits excellent foaming properties, creating a rich and stable lather that consumers often associate with effective cleaning. Beyond foaming, olefin sulfonate also acts as an emulsifier, helping to disperse oils and fats within a liquid solution, which is essential for cleaning applications. It maintains its stability across a wide pH range and performs well even in hard water, making it a versatile choice for various product formulations.
Everyday Applications
In personal care, olefin sulfonate is a common ingredient in shampoos, body washes, and liquid hand soaps. Its ability to create a copious lather and effectively cleanse is highly valued. Formulators often choose it for “sulfate-free” products, as it provides similar performance to sulfates but is generally considered milder. Facial cleansers and bubble baths also incorporate olefin sulfonate for its gentle yet effective cleansing and rich foam.
In household cleaning, olefin sulfonate is a key component in laundry detergents, dishwashing liquids, and all-purpose cleaners. Its strong detergency and ability to break down tough greases and stains make it suitable for various cleaning tasks, even at lower temperatures. Beyond consumer goods, olefin sulfonate is utilized in industrial applications such as enhanced oil recovery, textile processing, and agricultural formulations, where it functions as a wetting agent, emulsifier, or dispersant.
Safety and Environmental Considerations
Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate is generally considered mild for human use, especially compared to traditional sulfates like sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and is often chosen for its lower irritation potential. While some studies show potential for irritation at high concentrations or on damaged skin, regulatory bodies like the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel have deemed it safe for use in rinse-off products. For leave-on products, its concentration is typically limited to 2%.
A key factor in its safety profile relates to impurities called sultones, which can be formed during manufacturing. Manufacturers ensure that products containing olefin sulfonate have very low levels of these impurities to prevent sensitization. Environmentally, olefin sulfonate is recognized for its biodegradability, meaning it breaks down relatively easily. Its low ecotoxicity further contributes to its favorable environmental standing.