Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a non-invasive, drug-free approach that helps individuals learn to self-regulate their brain function. This technique, sometimes called electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback, uses specialized equipment to monitor brain activity in real-time. For people with ADHD, the goal is to train the brain to adopt more efficient patterns of electrical activity.
Training Brain Activity to Address ADHD Symptoms
Neurofeedback operates on the principle that individuals with ADHD often exhibit measurable differences in their brainwave patterns. Research points to a pattern of having too much slow-wave activity (theta waves) and not enough fast-wave activity (beta waves), particularly in the frontal regions of the brain. Theta waves are associated with drowsiness or mind-wandering, while beta waves are linked to active concentration and focus.
The core mechanism of neurofeedback is operant conditioning, a form of learning where specific behaviors are encouraged through positive reinforcement. The therapy aims to teach the brain to voluntarily increase focused brainwaves and decrease unfocused brainwaves. By normalizing patterns, such as the theta/beta ratio, the goal is to improve the brain’s ability to maintain an attentive state. This self-regulation is possible due to the brain’s adaptability, known as neuroplasticity.
An initial assessment, often involving a quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG), maps the brain’s electrical activity to identify patterns needing adjustment. This map informs the practitioner where to place the sensors and which brainwave frequencies to target during training. The process does not involve sending electrical currents into the brain; the sensors only read the electrical signals the brain naturally produces.
The Standard Neurofeedback Session
A typical neurofeedback session is a structured process that provides immediate feedback on the individual’s brain performance. The session begins by placing small, non-invasive sensors, or electrodes, on the scalp in areas identified by the initial brain mapping. These sensors connect to an electroencephalograph (EEG) machine, which measures the brain’s electrical activity in real-time.
The monitored brainwave data is translated into a visual or auditory cue, which serves as the feedback loop. This often takes the form of a video game, movie, or animation displayed on a screen. When the brain produces the desired, focused brainwave pattern, the screen brightens or a video progresses smoothly, acting as a positive reward.
Conversely, when the brain reverts to the undesirable, less-focused pattern, the screen may dim, the video may pause, or the auditory tone may stop, prompting the brain to adjust. Sessions usually last about 30 minutes and are performed two to three times per week. To achieve lasting change, a full course of therapy for ADHD generally requires 20 to 40 sessions, which takes several months to complete.
Scientific Consensus on Outcomes and Safety
The effectiveness of neurofeedback for ADHD has been the subject of numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses, supporting its use as a non-pharmacological treatment option. Research indicates that standard neurofeedback protocols lead to reductions in ADHD symptoms, particularly in inattention and impulsivity. These improvements have been reported by parents and teachers and show sustained effects when assessed six to twelve months after training concludes.
Neurofeedback is considered a well-established treatment for ADHD, achieving remission rates between 32% and 47% in some studies. It is a viable alternative for those who cannot or prefer not to use stimulant medication. Because the therapy is non-invasive and does not introduce substances into the body, it is associated with minimal to no side effects. Its strong safety profile makes it an attractive choice, often used alongside other treatments like behavioral therapy or medication.