Nasal cartilage is the flexible tissue that gives the nose its distinct shape and provides structural support. It forms a significant portion of the external nose, working with the nasal bones to create its overall structure. This tissue is essential for both the nose’s appearance and its ability to function correctly for breathing, particularly in supporting the lower two-thirds of the nose.
Anatomy of the Nasal Cartilage
The nasal cartilages, along with the nasal bones, maxilla, and frontal bone, make up the external nasal skeleton. The septal cartilage, also known as the quadrangular cartilage, is a flat piece of hyaline cartilage located in the midline of the nose. It separates the two nasal cavities and connects to the nasal bones and lateral cartilages.
Below the nasal bones, the lateral nasal cartilages are triangular structures positioned superior to the major alar cartilages. These cartilages provide form and flexibility, fusing with the septum to offer support within the nasal cavities. The alar cartilages, specifically the greater alar cartilages, are flexible structures that help form the shape of the nostrils and the tip of the nose. They are connected to the lateral nasal cartilage by fibrous tissues.
Function and Composition of Nasal Cartilage
Nasal cartilage provides structural support to the lower two-thirds of the nose, maintaining its shape and patency for airflow. Its flexibility helps the nose withstand minor impacts without sustaining severe damage.
This specialized tissue is a type of connective tissue, primarily composed of hyaline cartilage. Its composition includes densely packed collagen fibers, water, and specialized cells called chondrocytes. The extracellular matrix surrounding these cells consists mainly of Collagen II, Aggrecan, and Hyaluronic acid. Unlike rigid bone, its inherent flexibility allows for slight movement and resilience in the nasal structure.
Common Injuries and Conditions
The nasal cartilage, despite its flexibility, is susceptible to various injuries and conditions, often due to its exposed position on the face. One common issue is a deviated septum, which occurs when the septal cartilage, the wall dividing the nostrils, is displaced. This displacement can narrow one or both nasal passages, leading to difficulties in breathing.
Trauma, such as from sports injuries, falls, or motor vehicle accidents, can cause fractures in the nasal cartilage. Cartilage generally has a limited blood supply, which can make its healing process slower and more challenging compared to other tissues. In some cases, a septal hematoma, a collection of clotted blood, can form after an injury and requires prompt medical attention to prevent further cartilage damage.
Medical Repair and Reconstruction
When nasal cartilage is damaged or malformed, various medical procedures can address both functional and cosmetic concerns. Septoplasty is a surgical procedure designed to correct a deviated septum by straightening the septal nasal cartilage. During this procedure, a surgeon may remove or reshape portions of the septal cartilage to improve airflow through the nasal passages.
Nasal cartilage also plays a role in rhinoplasty, which is cosmetic nose surgery. Surgeons often reshape the existing alar and lateral cartilages to alter the nose’s appearance. For more extensive reconstruction, or when existing cartilage is insufficient, cartilage grafting may be employed. This involves taking cartilage from other parts of the body, such as the ear or rib, to rebuild or provide additional support and contour to the nasal structure.