Myrcene is a common monoterpene, a type of volatile aromatic compound found throughout the plant kingdom. As an acyclic hydrocarbon, it is highly prevalent in the essential oils of many plants, including hops, lemongrass, thyme, bay leaves, and, notably, in high concentrations in certain varieties of cannabis. It contributes a distinctive aroma profile often described as earthy, musky, and spicy, sometimes carrying hints of ripe fruit or balsam. This compound has prompted substantial research into its biological interactions within the body.
Defining Myrcene’s Biological Activities
Scientific investigation suggests that myrcene possesses several biological activities, although much of the current data is derived from preclinical studies involving cells or animal models. One of the most studied effects is its potential to moderate the perception of pain, demonstrating antinociceptive effects in animal models. This pain-relieving action is thought to involve mechanisms that may affect prostaglandin pathways or potentially interact with opioid receptors.
The terpene is traditionally recognized for its mild sedative and muscle-relaxing properties, which is why it is present in calming herbs like lemongrass. Strains of cannabis with high myrcene concentrations, typically above 0.5%, are frequently associated with a relaxing physical effect. This tranquilizing effect may be linked to myrcene’s ability to modulate the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors.
Myrcene also exhibits anti-inflammatory potential. Studies indicate it can help suppress inflammation by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as specific cytokines and enzymes like cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This modulation of inflammatory processes contributes to the interest in myrcene.
When myrcene is consumed alongside other plant compounds, such as the cannabinoids found in cannabis, it is theorized to contribute to a synergistic effect. This concept suggests that myrcene may enhance the overall biological activity of the complete plant extract. One proposed mechanism for this synergy is myrcene’s potential to increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
Natural Sources and Methods of Consumption
Myrcene is a common dietary constituent, encountered frequently in everyday food items and beverages. Ripe mangoes contain notable levels of myrcene, which contributes to their characteristic sweet and musky aroma. The terpene is also a major component of the essential oil of hops, providing a balsamic and peppery note to beer.
Other culinary herbs and spices like thyme, bay leaves, and cardamom also contain myrcene, which is released during cooking or infusion. Exposure to myrcene occurs through multiple routes, including ingestion via foods and supplements, and inhalation. Inhalation is common when using essential oils in aromatherapy or when consuming botanical extracts through vaporization.
Myrcene is highly volatile and is a common component in many essential oil blends used for topical applications. In the food and fragrance industries, myrcene is also used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of other commercially important flavor and scent molecules. Due to its inherent chemical instability and tendency to polymerize, commercially produced myrcene is often semi-synthetic.
Safety Profile and Regulatory Status
Myrcene has historically been classified by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) when used as a flavoring agent in low concentrations. However, the regulatory status for synthetic myrcene as a food additive has been subject to change. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) withdrew its authorization for the use of synthetic myrcene as a food flavoring substance following reports from rodent studies.
Despite this regulatory action on the synthetic form, various scientific and regulatory bodies have maintained that myrcene is safe under the conditions of its intended use as a flavoring. Potential side effects are generally mild and may include drowsiness. Consumers should exercise caution with high-concentration essential oils, as myrcene can cause skin or eye irritation if applied undiluted.
The possibility of drug interactions exists, particularly if myrcene is consumed in high doses alongside sedative medications. Human data on myrcene’s long-term safety and metabolism are limited. Therefore, its use in high concentrations, such as in supplements intended for therapeutic purposes, is not federally regulated with specific guidelines or dosage recommendations.