Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by differences in social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior. Among these behaviors, “mouthing” involves placing non-food items, objects, or hands into the mouth. While mouthing is common in typical infant development as they explore their environment, its persistence in older children and adults with ASD is a distinct phenomenon. This continued behavior signals underlying sensory and emotional needs. Understanding the functions mouthing serves is key to addressing it safely.
Understanding Oral Sensory Seeking Behaviors
When mouthing continues past infancy, it is categorized as an oral sensory seeking behavior, often called “stimming.” This behavior includes repetitive chewing or sucking on objects. Individuals may mouth body parts (fingers, knuckles) or external items like clothing, pens, or specific toys. The choice of object is guided by the sensory input it provides, such as texture, temperature, or resistance to chewing.
This persistent exploration carries several risks. Ingestion of non-food items (Pica) can lead to digestive upset, toxic exposure, or intestinal blockage. Small objects present a choking hazard, and excessive chewing on non-compliant items can damage teeth and gums. Furthermore, constant mouthing introduces germs, raising hygiene concerns, and the behavior can lead to social exclusion.
The Underlying Functions of Mouthing
Persistent mouthing is rooted in the sensory processing differences characteristic of ASD. The oral cavity is often a highly sensitive area, and mouthing serves as a powerful means of sensory modulation. A primary function is providing intense proprioceptive feedback to the jaw and tactile input to the mouth, which organizes the nervous system. The deep pressure from chewing helps the individual feel grounded, especially during overwhelming situations.
This sensory input acts as a regulator, addressing both under-stimulation and over-stimulation. If the nervous system is under-aroused, mouthing increases alertness; conversely, the predictable action of chewing filters out chaotic external stimuli. This self-soothing capacity links the behavior directly to emotional regulation, helping manage stress or anxiety. Mouthing is a coping mechanism to process internal tension that may be difficult to communicate verbally.
Strategies for Safe Management
Effective management begins with a functional assessment to determine the specific purpose the behavior serves. This assessment identifies triggers (such as anxiety or sensory overload) so interventions address the underlying need rather than suppressing the action. Once the function is understood, the focus shifts to safe, proactive strategies that respect the need for oral input. A core strategy is introducing safe replacement behaviors, such as offering acceptable chewable alternatives. These alternatives include sensory chew tools (“chewelry”) made of non-toxic silicone, specialized oral motor devices, or chewy and crunchy snacks.
Environmental modification is also important, centering on removing hazardous objects from the immediate surroundings. This creates a safe sensory space where the individual can easily access acceptable chew tools and engage in other regulating activities. Professional support is instrumental in developing a comprehensive management plan. Occupational Therapists create a “sensory diet”—a personalized schedule of sensory activities to proactively meet oral needs. Behavioral Therapists assist in teaching and reinforcing the use of replacement items through positive behavior support.