Kerosene is a common and versatile petroleum product, widely used across various sectors. It serves as a fuel for heating, lighting, and aviation. This hydrocarbon liquid, derived from crude oil, has become an integral part of daily life for many people.
What is Kerosene?
Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid obtained through the fractional distillation of petroleum. This refining process separates petroleum into different components based on their boiling points, with kerosene condensing at temperatures typically between 150 and 275 °C (300 and 525 °F). It appears as a clear or pale yellowish liquid and possesses a characteristic odor. Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons, primarily containing between 9 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule.
Key Characteristics
Kerosene has low viscosity, meaning it flows easily. Its density typically ranges from 0.78 to 0.81 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³). Its flash point, the minimum temperature at which its vapors ignite in air, generally falls between 37 °C (99 °F) and 65 °C (149 °F), making it less volatile than gasoline. Kerosene is largely immiscible with water, meaning it does not readily mix, and will float on water due to its lower density. Commercial grades, such as 1-K kerosene, are specified for lower sulfur content to ensure cleaner burning.
Common Applications
Kerosene has a diverse range of applications. Historically, it was used as lamp fuel for illumination and continues to be used in wick-fed lamps and some domestic heaters. It is a significant component of jet fuel, powering aircraft engines, and a highly refined form called RP-1 is used in some rocket engines. Kerosene also functions as a solvent for greases and insecticides. In some regions, it is used in portable heaters and for cooking.
Safety and Proper Handling
Handling kerosene requires specific safety precautions due to its flammability. It can ignite when exposed to an ignition source at or above its flash point. Kerosene should always be stored in clearly labeled, sealed containers made of appropriate materials like metal or high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Store containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and ignition sources.
Inhalation of kerosene fumes can cause dizziness, headaches, and drowsiness. Prolonged skin contact may lead to irritation, dryness, or dermatitis. Spills should be absorbed with appropriate materials. Proper disposal of contaminated or old kerosene involves contacting local household hazardous waste collection sites to prevent environmental contamination.