Japan does not have a single, officially designated “National Animal” like many other countries. Instead, the concept of a symbolic animal is spread across various species, each holding deep significance in Japanese culture, history, and ecology. These creatures range from endemic wildlife to figures of profound mythology and spiritual importance. Understanding Japan’s animal symbols requires looking beyond a single creature and considering the different roles animals play in the national consciousness.
The Closest Official Designation
The closest Japan comes to having an official animal designation is its national bird, the Green Pheasant, known locally as the Kiji (Phasianus versicolor). Designated in 1947, this bird holds a unique place because it is endemic to Japan, found naturally nowhere else in the world. The male is notable for its vibrant, iridescent plumage, featuring a striking emerald green body and a metallic blue-violet neck.
The Kiji features prominently in ancient Japanese folklore, notably as one of the three animal companions of the hero Momotaro, the Peach Boy. In this famous tale, the pheasant represents courage and loyalty, helping the hero defeat a band of ogres. Its presence in literature, art, and even on older currency solidifies its status as a widely recognized cultural icon. The Kiji is sometimes credited with the ability to sense subtle ground vibrations, leading to the folk belief that it can warn people of impending earthquakes. This connection to the natural environment makes the Green Pheasant the most official living symbol of the nation.
Animals of Myth and Spiritual Significance
Many animals are revered for their roles in Shintoism and Japanese folklore, serving as powerful cultural symbols. The Kitsune, or fox, is one of the most prominent, serving as the messenger of Inari, the Shinto kami (spirit) of rice, agriculture, prosperity, and fertility. These foxes are believed to possess supernatural abilities, including the power of metamorphosis, often taking on human form.
Kitsune are often depicted as having a dual nature, capable of being either benevolent guardians or mischievous tricksters. The number of tails a Kitsune possesses signifies its age and power; a nine-tailed fox is considered ancient, wise, and immensely powerful. The Tanuki, or Japanese Raccoon Dog, is another well-known mythological creature—a comical, shapeshifting trickster associated with good fortune and prosperity. These mythological animals are deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric, often appearing as statues outside restaurants and temples. Additionally, the Tsuru (crane) symbolizes longevity and good fortune, frequently incorporated into wedding ceremonies and art.
Iconic Aquatic Life and Cultural Symbols
Given that Japan is an island nation, aquatic life holds a significant place in its cultural symbolism, particularly the colored carp, or Koi. The Koi is a cultivated variety of the common carp and is revered for its symbolism of perseverance, strength, and aspiration. This symbolism originates from a Chinese legend where a carp swims upstream against powerful currents to transform into a dragon.
The fish’s vibrant colors, including gold, red, and white patterns, carry specific meanings, representing wealth, success, and purity. Koi are an integral part of traditional Japanese gardens and are featured during the annual Children’s Day celebration. On this day, carp-shaped windsocks called Koinobori are flown to symbolize strength and success for the children. Another auspicious aquatic symbol is the Tai (Sea Bream), a red-colored fish traditionally served at celebrations. The Tai represents good luck and is a staple of festive Japanese cuisine because its name is part of the word medetai, meaning prosperous or celebratory.
Endemic Wildlife Designated as National Treasures
Beyond mythological and cultural symbols, several unique, endemic animals serve as emblems of Japan’s distinct biodiversity. The Japanese Macaque, often called the Snow Monkey, is globally famous for its unique adaptation to cold climates. These primates are known for congregating in the natural hot springs of the Jigokudani area to keep warm during the winter. Its image has become synonymous with Japan’s natural winter landscape, as it is the northernmost living non-human primate species.
The Japanese Serow is a goat-antelope species native to the mountainous forests of the main islands. It has been designated a Special Natural Monument, recognizing its unique evolutionary lineage. The Japanese Giant Salamander is another protected species and one of the largest amphibians in the world. Classified as a Special Natural Monument, this nocturnal creature is considered a living fossil that has changed little over millions of years.