Intravenous (IV) therapy delivers fluids, medications, and nutrients directly into a patient’s bloodstream through a vein. This method allows for rapid and predictable delivery, making it a common practice in hospitals and clinics. While generally safe, complications can arise, with IV infiltration being one of the most common.
Understanding Infiltration
Infiltration occurs when non-vesicant IV fluids or medications accidentally leak from the intended vein into the surrounding subcutaneous tissue. This leakage happens when the IV catheter moves out of the vein or punctures through the vein wall.
Several factors can contribute to IV infiltration. Patient movement can dislodge the catheter, causing it to slip out of place or push through the vein. Improper insertion technique, such as the catheter not being inserted far enough or being pushed too far, is another common reason. Individuals with fragile or compromised veins, like elderly patients or those undergoing certain medical treatments, may also be more susceptible. Infiltration is primarily a mechanical issue involving catheter displacement or vein damage.
Identifying the Signs
Recognizing the signs of IV infiltration is important for prompt intervention and minimizing discomfort. Swelling around the IV insertion site is a noticeable indicator, which may feel puffy or tight. The affected skin often feels cool to the touch compared to surrounding skin.
Patients may experience pain or discomfort at or near the IV site, ranging from mild tenderness to more intense sensations. The skin around the infiltrated area might also appear pale or blanched, indicating reduced blood flow. A significant sign that the IV fluid is not entering the vein is a slowed or completely stopped IV flow rate, even when the clamp is fully open. Promptly reporting these symptoms to a healthcare provider is important for proper management.
Taking Action and Prevention
If IV infiltration is suspected, immediate action is necessary to prevent further leakage and manage symptoms. The first step is to notify a nurse or healthcare provider immediately. Do not attempt to adjust the IV line or touch the affected site yourself. Healthcare providers will stop the infusion, remove the IV catheter from the compromised site, and then assess the area.
Medical interventions commonly include elevating the affected limb to help reduce swelling and promote fluid reabsorption. Depending on the type of fluid that infiltrated, a warm or cold compress may be applied to the site to aid in recovery and reduce discomfort. For instance, warm compresses help disperse non-irritating fluids, while cold compresses might be used for more irritating solutions to limit tissue exposure.
Preventive measures are important for minimizing IV infiltration. Healthcare providers focus on selecting appropriate veins and catheter sizes, securely taping the IV catheter, and regularly monitoring the insertion site for changes. Patients can contribute by promptly reporting any discomfort, pain, or changes at the IV site and avoiding excessive movement of the limb. While common, IV infiltration is generally not serious and resolves without long-term issues when managed promptly.