A hepatic function panel is a blood test that assesses liver health and function. It measures substances produced by the liver or released when it is damaged. Results provide insights into liver function and can indicate injury or disease.
Specific Tests and Their Significance
A standard hepatic function panel includes several key components. Albumin and total protein measure the liver’s synthetic capabilities. Albumin, the most abundant blood protein, is exclusively produced by the liver, and its levels reflect the liver’s ability to synthesize proteins. Total protein measures the combined amount of albumin and other proteins, indicating the body’s overall protein status.
Bilirubin is a yellow waste product formed during red blood cell breakdown. The liver processes bilirubin for excretion. The panel measures total bilirubin (overall amount in blood) and direct (conjugated) bilirubin (processed by the liver). Indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin is calculated from the difference, representing bilirubin not yet processed.
Enzymes like Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) are also included. ALP is found in the liver, bile ducts, and bones; elevated levels suggest bile flow issues or bone conditions. ALT is primarily in liver cells, and its elevation often points to liver cell damage. AST is found in the liver, heart, and muscles; elevated levels can indicate liver injury, though it is less liver-specific than ALT.
Interpreting Your Results
Interpreting a hepatic panel involves analyzing each component’s levels for specific abnormality patterns. No single test result provides a complete diagnosis; healthcare providers consider the combination of results.
For example, elevated ALT and AST often suggest liver cell damage, known as hepatocellular injury. Elevated ALP, especially with high bilirubin, may indicate bile flow problems (cholestasis). Low albumin or total protein can signal impaired liver synthetic function, meaning the liver isn’t producing enough essential proteins. Abnormal results are always evaluated with a patient’s symptoms, medical history, and other diagnostic information to determine the underlying cause.
Reasons for Ordering a Hepatic Panel
Healthcare providers order a hepatic function panel to investigate symptoms suggesting liver issues. These can include yellowing skin or eyes (jaundice), persistent fatigue, nausea, or abdominal pain. The panel helps determine if these symptoms relate to liver dysfunction.
The panel also monitors individuals with known liver conditions like hepatitis or cirrhosis, tracking disease progression or treatment effectiveness. It helps evaluate potential liver damage from certain medications or chronic alcohol use. For those with liver disease risk factors, such as a family history or obesity, a hepatic panel may be part of routine check-ups.