Our brains process vast sensory information from our environment. This processing allows us to understand and interact with it. Sometimes, however, this system varies, leading to differences in how individuals perceive and respond to sensory input. One such variation is hyposensitivity.
Defining Hyposensitivity
Hyposensitivity refers to an under-responsiveness or diminished reaction to sensory input, meaning an individual requires more intense or prolonged stimulation to register a sensation. This can affect any of the body’s sensory systems.
Examples across sensory systems include:
Tactile: High pain tolerance or not noticing dirt/mess.
Auditory: Not reacting to loud noises or needing repeated verbal directions.
Visual: Difficulty noticing details or problems with depth perception.
Olfactory: Not noticing strong odors.
Gustatory: Preferring strong flavors or mouthing non-food items.
Proprioception (body awareness): Clumsiness or constant need for deep pressure.
Vestibular (balance/movement): Craving spinning or intense movement without dizziness.
Recognizing the Signs
Hyposensitivity often manifests as individuals actively seeking intense sensory experiences to compensate for reduced sensitivity. Children and adults might crash into objects, spin excessively, or prefer very loud music or bright lights. They may chew on non-food items or seek out strong flavors in food.
Another sign is a lack of typical reaction to stimuli, such as not noticing pain from injuries, not reacting to extreme temperatures, or not hearing their name called. Individuals may also struggle to distinguish sensations like hunger or illness. Difficulties with body awareness and coordination can include clumsiness, poor posture, or needing visual cues for movement.
These behaviors can sometimes affect social interaction or learning, as individuals might appear disengaged or struggle with activities requiring sensory feedback. For instance, a child with auditory hyposensitivity might ignore their name being called, or one with tactile hyposensitivity might constantly need to touch people or objects. Such sensory-seeking actions are often attempts to regulate an under-reactive sensory system.
Underlying Mechanisms and Associated Conditions
Hyposensitivity is a neurological condition involving differences in how the brain receives, interprets, and responds to sensory information, leading to a diminished response. While the exact cause is not fully understood, genetics and brain development are thought to play a role.
Hyposensitivity is not a standalone diagnosis but is frequently observed in the context of other conditions. It falls under the umbrella of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD), a neurological condition where the brain struggles to properly synthesize multisensory information. It is also commonly associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and developmental delays. Not every individual with these conditions will experience hyposensitivity, and conversely, not everyone with hyposensitivity has these associated conditions.
Approaches to Management
Supporting individuals with hyposensitivity often involves professional guidance and tailored environmental strategies. Occupational Therapy (OT) is a common intervention, especially those focusing on sensory integration. Occupational therapists assist individuals in regulating sensory input by providing structured activities and exercises that help them respond appropriately to stimuli.
At home, strategies can include providing appropriate sensory input, such as weighted blankets, deep pressure activities, or sensory bins. Creating sensory-rich environments with various textures, sounds, and scents is also beneficial. Frequent movement breaks and chewy toys or strong-flavored foods are also helpful. The effectiveness of these approaches is heightened when they are individualized to the person’s specific needs and sensory profile, and patience and understanding are important in supporting individuals rather than punishing sensory-seeking behaviors.