HPV DNA testing serves as a screening method to identify specific human papillomavirus types. This test plays a role in the early detection and prevention of certain cancers, primarily cervical cancer. Its main purpose is to pinpoint high-risk strains of the virus, which are associated with cancerous changes in cells. By detecting these viral types, healthcare providers can assess an individual’s risk and guide appropriate follow-up care.
Understanding Human Papillomavirus
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common group of viruses. Transmission occurs through skin-to-skin contact, most often during sexual activity. Many individuals will encounter HPV, though most infections are temporary and do not cause serious health problems.
Over 200 different types of HPV exist, categorized into low-risk and high-risk based on their potential to cause cancer. Low-risk types, such as HPV 6 and 11, cause genital warts and generally do not lead to cancer. High-risk types, including HPV 16 and 18, are responsible for most HPV-related cancers.
Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types can lead to cellular changes over time, potentially progressing to cancer. While cervical cancer is the most widely recognized cancer linked to HPV, these high-risk strains can also contribute to cancers of the anus, oropharynx (throat), vagina, vulva, and penis. The prolonged presence of these viral DNA sequences disrupts normal cell growth, increasing the likelihood of malignant transformation.
How HPV DNA Testing Works
HPV DNA testing involves a straightforward procedure, typically performed during a routine pelvic examination. A healthcare provider collects a sample of cells, most commonly from the cervix, using a small brush or swab. This collection process is similar to a Pap test and usually takes only a few moments.
The collected cell sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. In the laboratory, specialized techniques are used to extract and amplify any viral DNA present in the cells. The test specifically looks for the genetic material of high-risk HPV types, identifying their presence rather than just abnormal cell changes.
HPV DNA testing is frequently performed as “co-testing” alongside a Pap test. The Pap test examines cervical cells for abnormalities that might indicate precancerous or cancerous changes. When used together, the HPV DNA test identifies the underlying viral cause, while the Pap test assesses the cellular consequences of infection. This combined approach offers a more comprehensive screening for cervical cancer, improving the detection of early changes that might otherwise be missed by a single test.
What Your HPV DNA Test Results Mean
Interpreting HPV DNA test results involves understanding whether high-risk HPV DNA was detected. A “negative” result indicates that no high-risk HPV types were found in the collected cell sample. This finding suggests a very low risk of developing cervical cancer in the near future, and routine screening can continue according to established guidelines.
A “positive” result signifies the presence of one or more high-risk HPV types. It is important to understand that a positive HPV DNA test does not mean an individual has cancer; rather, it indicates an increased risk for developing precancerous lesions or cancer over time. The body’s immune system often clears HPV infections naturally, even high-risk ones, within one to two years.
Follow-up procedures depend on the specific high-risk HPV type detected and any accompanying Pap test results. If the Pap test is normal but high-risk HPV is present, repeat testing may be recommended in 12 months to see if the infection has cleared. If the Pap test shows abnormalities, or if specific high-risk types like HPV 16 or 18 are detected, a colposcopy might be performed. During a colposcopy, a magnifying instrument is used to examine the cervix more closely, and biopsies may be taken to evaluate any suspicious areas for precancerous or cancerous changes.
Prevention and Ongoing Care
Primary prevention against HPV infection involves vaccination. The HPV vaccine, such as Gardasil 9, protects against common high-risk HPV types (e.g., HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) and low-risk types (6, 11). Administered in doses, the vaccine is highly effective at preventing infections that cause approximately 90% of HPV-related cancers.
Public health guidelines recommend HPV vaccination for adolescents, typically starting around age 11 or 12, as it provides most protection before exposure to the virus. While not a substitute for regular screening, safe sexual behaviors can also help reduce HPV transmission. Consistent condom use may offer some protection, though it does not fully prevent transmission as HPV can infect areas not covered.
Ongoing HPV screening and follow-up care are determined by age, previous test results, and risk factors. For example, individuals with a negative HPV DNA test and normal Pap test typically follow a screening interval of every five years. Those with positive results or abnormal Pap tests will adhere to more frequent monitoring, which may include repeat testing or colposcopy, to ensure cellular changes are detected and managed promptly.
References
American Cancer Society. “HPV and HPV Testing.” https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/cervical-cancer-hpv-test.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “What Does a Positive HPV Test Result Mean?” https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/what-does-a-positive-hpv-test-mean.htm
Mayo Clinic. “HPV test.” https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hpv-test/about/pac-20394355
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “HPV Vaccine Information For Clinicians.” https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/hcp/schedules-recommendations.html