Gum recession is a common dental concern where the margin of the gum tissue wears away or pulls back from the tooth surface. This process exposes more of the tooth structure, often leading to noticeable cosmetic changes and increased vulnerability. The gums form a protective barrier; when this barrier is compromised, it can lead to problems affecting the longevity and stability of the teeth. Addressing gum recession preserves supporting tissues and maintains overall oral wellness.
Defining Gum Recession
Gum recession is defined as the displacement of the gingival margin (the edge of the gum tissue) further down the tooth root, away from the natural gumline. This movement results in the exposure of the softer root surface, which is normally covered and protected by gum tissue and cementum. Visually, the condition causes teeth to appear longer than normal, which is often the first sign noticed.
Once the gums recede, they create small spaces or “pockets” between the tooth and the gumline, which accumulate bacteria. Clinically, severity is measured by the visible recession and the Clinical Attachment Level (CAL). CAL is calculated by adding the depth of these pockets to the visible recession, indicating the total attachment loss around the tooth’s root surface. This loss of protective tissue leaves the underlying tooth root susceptible to decay, abrasion, and increased sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet stimuli.
Common Causes of Gum Recession
A primary factor leading to gum recession is mechanical trauma caused by aggressive or incorrect brushing habits. Brushing too hard or using a hard-bristled toothbrush can physically wear away the delicate gum tissue over time, particularly where the tissue is thin. This abrasion is often localized depending on a person’s brushing technique.
The most common biological cause is periodontal disease, a bacterial infection that destroys the gum tissue and the underlying bone structure supporting the teeth. As plaque and tartar accumulate, the body’s inflammatory response destroys the attachments holding the gum to the tooth. This process results in the detachment and migration of the gum tissue, creating deeper pockets where bacteria thrive.
Genetic predisposition also plays a role, as some individuals are born with naturally thinner, more fragile gum tissue, making them more susceptible to recession. Other factors contributing to tissue loss include the use of tobacco products, which restrict blood flow and impair the tissue’s ability to heal. Misaligned teeth or teeth grinding (bruxism) can place excessive force on certain areas, accelerating the wear on the gum and bone structure.
Treatment Options for Receding Gums
Treatment for receding gums begins with addressing the underlying cause, often starting with non-surgical deep cleaning procedures. Scaling and root planing involves scraping away hardened plaque and tartar from above and below the gumline. This deep cleaning smooths the tooth root surfaces, removing bacterial irritants and allowing the gum tissue to reattach and heal. These non-surgical methods are used for early or mild cases to manage inflammation and reduce symptoms.
For exposed roots causing sensitivity, a dentist may apply desensitizing agents or use dental bonding (tooth-colored composite resin) to cover the root surface. If recession is mild and caused by misaligned teeth, orthodontic treatment can reposition the teeth to a more favorable position, which may allow the gum margin to improve.
When recession is moderate to severe, surgical intervention is often recommended to physically cover the exposed root. Gum grafting is a reliable surgical procedure, most commonly involving a connective tissue graft where tissue is harvested from the palate and transplanted to the site of recession. The goal of this procedure is to reduce sensitivity, halt further bone loss, and improve the appearance of the gumline. Other advanced techniques, such as the minimally invasive Pinhole Surgical Technique, involve gently moving existing gum tissue over the exposed root through a small opening without the need for large excisions or sutures.
Steps for Preventing Future Recession
Preventing the progression of gum recession focuses on consistent, gentle oral hygiene and regular professional care. Switching to a soft-bristled toothbrush or an electric brush with a pressure sensor is necessary to avoid mechanical damage. The correct technique involves holding the brush at a 45-degree angle toward the gumline and using small, gentle circular motions instead of aggressive scrubbing.
Daily flossing or using interdental cleaners is necessary to remove plaque from between the teeth and below the gumline. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings, typically twice a year, allow the dental team to remove calcified tartar that contributes to periodontal disease. Addressing habits like tobacco use is essential, as the chemicals severely compromise gum health and healing capacity. If teeth grinding is a concern, wearing a custom-fitted nightguard can protect the teeth and gums from damaging forces.