The figure-ground principle is a fundamental concept within visual perception, originating from Gestalt psychology. It describes how our brains automatically organize incoming visual information by spontaneously separating a main object, the “figure,” from its surrounding background, the “ground.” This ability allows us to make sense of complex visual scenes, identifying distinct elements rather than perceiving a chaotic jumble of shapes and colors.
The Core Properties of Figure and Ground
The visual system attributes distinct characteristics to the figure and ground. A figure is typically seen as an object with a defined shape and clear boundaries. It stands out, often seeming closer and more noticeable, making it the focal point of our attention.
Conversely, the ground is perceived as shapeless and less defined, often receding into the background. It serves as the backdrop for the figure, providing context without drawing direct attention.
Classic Examples and Reversible Figures
The figure-ground concept is best illustrated through reversible figures. Rubin’s Vase is a prominent example. Viewers can perceive either a white vase as the figure, with two dark profiles of faces forming the ground.
Alternatively, the two dark profiles can become the figure, and the white area between them recedes to become the ground. This perceptual shift highlights the dynamic nature of figure-ground organization. Other illusions, such as the “face/saxophonist” image, also demonstrate how the brain can alternate interpretations. Reversible figures are images where the figure and ground are unstable and can be spontaneously interchanged by the observer.
How the Brain Decides What to See
The brain employs various visual cues to determine which elements become the figure.
Size
Smaller areas within a visual field are generally more likely to be interpreted as the figure, helping isolate specific objects.
Symmetry
Objects that exhibit bilateral symmetry are more frequently perceived as the figure.
Shape
Convex shapes, which curve outward, are also more readily identified as the figure compared to concave shapes that curve inward.
Contrast
Elements with strong color or light contrast against their surroundings tend to stand out and are thus more likely to be segmented as the figure.
Practical Uses in Everyday Life
The figure-ground principle has numerous practical applications.
Art and Graphic Design
Artists and designers manipulate contrast, color, and composition to establish a clear focal point. They ensure the intended subject stands out as the figure, guiding the viewer’s eye and conveying the desired message.
Camouflage
Camouflage intentionally disrupts the figure-ground relationship, making an object or organism blend seamlessly into its environment. This makes it difficult to differentiate the camouflaged item (the figure) from its background (the ground).
User Interface (UI) Design
Understanding figure-ground helps guide user attention in UI design. Pop-up windows or dialog boxes are designed to become the prominent figure, drawing user focus while the underlying application recedes.