Fat necrosis is a benign, non-cancerous condition that arises when fatty tissue in the body sustains damage. This damage leads to inflammation and the formation of a lump. While it can occur in various body parts, it is frequently observed in areas with ample fatty tissue, such as the breasts. This condition does not increase a person’s risk of developing cancer.
Causes and Formation
Fat necrosis develops when fat cells are injured, causing them to die and release their contents. This damage can be triggered by direct injury or trauma to fatty tissue, such as from an accident or a fall. Surgical procedures involving fatty areas, like breast augmentation, reduction, or reconstruction, are common causes. Radiation therapy, especially in the breast region, can also contribute to the development of fat necrosis.
The body responds to these damaged fat cells by initiating an inflammatory process to clear away the dead tissue. This effort can result in the formation of a firm lump as damaged fat cells and inflammatory byproducts accumulate. Over time, these lumps can sometimes evolve into oil cysts or calcifications.
Identifying Fat Necrosis
Fat necrosis appears as a firm, round, or sometimes irregular lump under the skin. These lumps are often painless, but some individuals may experience tenderness or localized pain. The skin overlying the affected area might also show changes, such as redness, bruising, or dimpling. Because its physical characteristics, including firmness and irregular shape, can mimic malignant tumors, it is important to seek medical evaluation. Fat necrosis is commonly observed in individuals who have undergone breast surgeries or radiation therapy.
Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically begins with a physical examination to assess the lump’s characteristics, such as its size, texture, and mobility. Imaging techniques are employed to evaluate the lump and distinguish it from other conditions. These include mammography, which reveals calcifications or architectural distortions, and ultrasound, which helps characterize the lump as solid or cystic. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may also provide more detailed images.
To confirm the diagnosis and rule out malignancy, a biopsy is often performed. This can involve fine-needle aspiration, extracting a small sample of cells, or a core biopsy, removing a larger tissue sample for microscopic examination.
Management
If the lump is small and causes no discomfort, no specific treatment is necessary, as the body often breaks down fat necrosis naturally over time. Conservative management includes observation, applying warm compresses, and using over-the-counter pain relief if needed. If the lump is large, causes significant pain, or creates anxiety due to its resemblance to other conditions, surgical removal may be considered. Steroid injections into the lump are another potential management option.
Outlook and When to Seek Medical Advice
Fat necrosis is a benign condition that often resolves on its own. The body’s natural processes typically break down the damaged fatty tissue over several months, though it can take years for the lump to fully disappear. While many cases resolve completely, some lesions may persist as small, hardened areas or calcifications.
It is important to seek medical advice whenever a new lump or mass is discovered, particularly in fatty tissue areas like the breast. Prompt evaluation is also recommended if an existing lump changes in size, shape, or texture, or if new symptoms such as increased pain, tenderness, or skin discoloration develop. A medical professional can accurately diagnose the condition and ensure it is not mistaken for a more serious issue.