Enteritis is an inflammation of the small intestine, a key part of the digestive system. When the small intestine becomes irritated and inflamed, its normal function is disrupted. This condition can sometimes extend to include the stomach (gastroenteritis) or the large intestine (enterocolitis). The inflammation can lead to various digestive disturbances.
Causes and Forms
Enteritis stems from infectious or non-infectious sources. Infectious enteritis typically results from consuming food or water contaminated with microbes. Viruses like norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus are common causes, often called “stomach bugs.” Bacterial infections, including Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Shigella, also trigger enteritis, often linked to food poisoning. Parasites can also cause infectious enteritis.
Non-infectious forms arise from factors that irritate or damage the intestinal lining. Radiation enteritis occurs when abdominal or pelvic radiation therapy damages intestinal cells. Certain medications, including NSAIDs, antibiotics, or chemotherapy drugs, can also inflame the small intestine. Autoimmune conditions like Crohn’s disease or celiac disease involve the immune system attacking healthy intestinal tissues. Reduced blood flow (ischemic enteritis) or severe food allergies can also contribute.
Common Symptoms
Inflammation within the small intestine manifests through a range of symptoms. Abdominal pain or cramping is common, stemming from irritation and muscle spasms. Diarrhea, ranging from watery to containing blood or mucus, results from impaired fluid and nutrient absorption.
Nausea and vomiting frequently accompany enteritis as the digestive system attempts to expel irritants. A fever may develop, indicating an immune response. Loss of appetite is typical due to discomfort. Persistent vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration, characterized by excessive thirst, dry mouth, and reduced urination.
Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosing enteritis begins with a physical examination and medical history, including recent travel, diet, and contaminant exposure. To identify infectious agents, healthcare providers often request stool tests for bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Blood tests may also assess inflammation, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalances.
If the cause is unclear or symptoms are severe, imaging studies like X-rays, CT scans, or MRI may visualize the small intestine. An endoscopy, sometimes with a biopsy, allows direct visualization of the intestinal lining and tissue sample collection. Once diagnosed, management focuses on alleviating symptoms and addressing the underlying cause.
Rehydration is a primary concern; oral rehydration solutions are often recommended, and intravenous fluids may be necessary for severe cases. Rest and dietary adjustments, such as consuming bland foods and avoiding dairy, caffeine, alcohol, and highly seasoned items, help the intestine recover. For bacterial infections, antibiotics may be prescribed, while antiparasitic medications target parasitic causes. Non-infectious forms, such as those from autoimmune conditions or radiation, require specific treatments like anti-inflammatory medications or therapy adjustments.
Prevention and Seeking Care
Preventing infectious enteritis involves good hygiene and safe food handling. Handwashing with soap and water is important after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food. Cook meats and shellfish completely, and avoid cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods. When traveling, drink bottled water and avoid untreated sources to minimize contaminant exposure.
Seek medical attention if diarrhea persists for more than a few days, vomiting lasts longer than 24 hours, or if there is blood or mucus in the stool. Signs of severe dehydration, such as excessive thirst, dry mouth, significantly reduced urine output, or dizziness upon standing, require prompt medical evaluation. A high fever, severe or worsening abdominal pain, or symptoms in infants, young children, the elderly, or those with weakened immune systems also necessitate immediate consultation.