Electrolyzed water (EW) is a cleaning and sanitizing technology that uses a simple chemical process—electrolysis—to create powerful solutions from only water, salt, and electricity. The resulting product offers an effective alternative to conventional chemical cleaners, gaining popularity for its effectiveness in disinfection without harsh ingredients. This electrochemically activated water has scaled from industrial use (hospitals, food processing) down to countertop devices for household application, allowing for on-site generation.
The Science Behind Production
Electrolysis is the process used to create EW, decomposing a substance by passing a direct electric current through it. A solution of water and salt (typically sodium chloride) is introduced into an electrolytic cell. The salt dissolves into sodium and chloride ions, which are then exposed to electrically charged electrodes.
The electrolytic cell is often divided by a membrane that separates the positively charged anode from the negatively charged cathode. When current is applied, the ions are drawn to the electrode of the opposite charge, initiating chemical reactions. This separation allows for the formation of two chemically distinct solutions, transforming the simple saltwater mixture into the active components.
Active Components and Their Function
Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl)
Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) is the potent disinfecting agent produced at the anode. HOCl is a neutral molecule with a strong oxidizing potential, allowing it to rapidly break down the cell walls of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This compound is highly effective, often destroying microbes within seconds of contact, and is the same substance naturally produced by human white blood cells to fight infection.
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
The second compound is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), which forms at the cathode and is alkaline. NaOH provides the cleaning and degreasing properties of the solution. This component works by breaking down organic compounds such as oils, fats, and proteins, acting as a detergent-like agent. Some systems keep the two solutions separate for tailored use, while others blend them to create a multi-purpose cleaner and sanitizer.
Common Applications and Uses
The dual nature of electrolyzed water, combining a powerful sanitizer with an effective cleaner, makes it widely applicable across various industries. In healthcare settings, it is used for surface disinfection to maintain sterile environments without leaving toxic residues or fumes. The solution is also used in veterinary care and wound management due to its gentle antimicrobial properties.
In the food service and agricultural sectors, EW is used extensively for sanitizing equipment and washing raw produce. It is approved for direct contact with fruits, vegetables, meat, and poultry to reduce foodborne pathogens. For general use, the solution is employed in schools, offices, and homes for cleaning common surfaces like countertops and floors.
Safety and Environmental Considerations
A significant advantage of electrolyzed water is its favorable profile regarding human safety. The active disinfectant, HOCl, is recognized as gentle and non-irritating to the skin and respiratory system because it is biologically familiar to the body. Unlike many conventional cleaners, EW does not require rinsing after use and is safe for use around people and pets.
From an environmental standpoint, the solution breaks down quickly after use, reverting back into simple saltwater. This decomposition avoids the formation of harmful byproducts or persistent chemical residues that negatively impact wastewater systems or aquatic life. Electrolyzed water is regulated by US agencies, with the FDA approving its use for direct food contact and the EPA registering it as a surface disinfectant.