What Is DPA Omega-3 and What Does It Do for Your Body?

Docosapentaenoic Acid, or DPA, is a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. It is one member of the broader family of omega-3s, which includes the more commonly known eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). While it has historically received less attention in nutritional science compared to its counterparts, DPA is gaining recognition for its unique presence and functions within the human body. Although less abundant than DHA, its distinct roles are becoming a subject of increased scientific interest.

DPA Within the Omega-3 Spectrum

Omega-3 fatty acids are a class of polyunsaturated fats characterized by a double bond located three carbons in from the methyl end of their chemical structure. This family includes the plant-based alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and the long-chain fatty acids EPA, DPA, and DHA, which are primarily found in marine sources. These fatty acids are integral components of cell membranes throughout the body.

Structurally, DPA is an intermediary between EPA and DHA. It is a 22-carbon chain fatty acid with five double bonds, positioning it directly between EPA, which has a 20-carbon chain and five double bonds, and DHA, which has a 22-carbon chain and six double bonds. This unique structure allows DPA to serve as an intermediate where EPA is elongated to form DHA.

This intermediary role means DPA can be converted as needed by the body, either retro-converted to EPA or processed to become DHA, acting as a storage reservoir for these other omega-3s. While circulating levels of DPA in tissues are typically lower than those of EPA and DHA, its ability to replenish them underscores its significance within the omega-3 family.

Dietary and Supplemental Sources of DPA

The primary dietary sources of DPA are similar to those of EPA and DHA, with fatty fish being a major contributor. Species such as salmon, mackerel, and herring contain notable amounts of DPA. A less common source is seal oil, which is naturally rich in DPA. Some forms of marine microalgae also produce DPA and are used in vegetarian and vegan omega-3 supplements.

The human body can also produce DPA internally through the conversion of other omega-3s. The metabolic process starts with the essential fatty acid ALA, which is converted into EPA and then elongated to form DPA. This internal synthesis contributes to the body’s total DPA levels, although the conversion rates can be inefficient in some individuals.

Regarding supplements, DPA is naturally present in many fish oil products, though often in smaller quantities than EPA and DHA. As awareness of its functions grows, some manufacturers have begun to highlight its presence on their labels or develop supplements with higher concentrations of DPA. For instance, oil from fish like menhaden is sometimes used as a source for DPA-rich supplements.

Biological Functions and Health Implications of DPA

Research into DPA has revealed several biological functions related to inflammation and cardiovascular wellness. Like other omega-3s, DPA is a precursor to a group of signaling molecules known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). These compounds help resolve inflammation in the body, a process important for cellular repair and maintaining tissue health.

Studies suggest that DPA may be effective at influencing platelet aggregation, the process of blood cells clumping together to form clots. Some research indicates that DPA might be more efficient than EPA at reducing this clumping. DPA also contributes to the health of the endothelium, the thin layer of cells lining blood vessels. It supports the migration of these cells, a process needed for repairing and maintaining blood vessel integrity.

Beyond its cardiovascular roles, DPA is the second most common omega-3 fatty acid found in the brain, after DHA. This has led researchers to investigate its importance for neuronal health and cognitive function. Animal studies have shown that DPA can help protect brain cells in the hippocampus, a region associated with learning and memory. This suggests a potential role for DPA in mitigating age-related cognitive decline.