Distichiasis is an eye condition characterized by an extra row of eyelashes. These additional lashes emerge from an atypical location on the eyelids, often growing from the meibomian glands rather than typical lash follicles. The condition can affect one or both eyelids, appearing as a full second row or just a few extra hairs.
Understanding Distichiasis
Distichiasis involves the growth of eyelashes from the meibomian gland orifices, which are glands that normally produce oils to lubricate the eye. These extra lashes may be thinner, shorter, and lighter in color than typical eyelashes. The condition can manifest in two primary forms: congenital, meaning it is present from birth, or acquired, developing later in life.
Congenital distichiasis often has a genetic basis, frequently linked to a mutation in the FOXC2 gene. In some instances, it is part of a broader genetic disorder known as lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS). Individuals with LDS may experience fluid accumulation in body tissues and sometimes other health concerns.
Acquired distichiasis, which is less common, typically results from inflammation or injury to the eyelid. Conditions like chronic blepharitis, an inflammation of the eyelid, or meibomian gland dysfunction, which affects the oil-producing glands, can lead to acquired distichiasis.
Identifying Distichiasis
Distichiasis is recognized by specific signs and symptoms. Individuals with this condition may experience eye irritation, redness, or a persistent sensation of having a foreign object in the eye. Other common indicators include excessive tearing, sensitivity to light, and soreness or inflammation of the eyelids. The extra eyelashes, by rubbing against the eye’s surface, can lead to corneal abrasions or even the formation of styes.
The severity of these symptoms can vary significantly, with some individuals experiencing only mild discomfort, while others face more pronounced issues. An eye care professional typically diagnoses distichiasis through a comprehensive eye examination. This usually involves using a slit-lamp, a specialized microscope that allows the provider to visualize the extra eyelashes and assess any potential damage to the eye’s surface, such as the cornea.
Treatment and Management
Managing distichiasis depends on the severity of the symptoms and the impact on the individual’s eye health. For mild cases where the extra lashes cause minimal irritation, conservative measures like lubricating eye drops or ointments can help reduce discomfort and protect the cornea.
When symptoms are more persistent or severe, definitive treatments are often necessary. One common approach is epilation, which involves plucking the offending eyelashes. However, this method provides temporary relief as the lashes typically regrow. More permanent solutions include cryotherapy (freezing), electrolysis (electric current), laser ablation, or surgical removal of the lash follicles for a lasting resolution. If left unaddressed, distichiasis can lead to complications such as chronic eye inflammation, corneal damage, or an increased risk of eye infections.