Dental floss is used in oral hygiene to clean surfaces between teeth and beneath the gumline where a toothbrush cannot effectively reach. Modern dental floss is made from a variety of synthetic polymers or natural fibers, not just a simple thread. These core strands are often enhanced with specialized coatings and additives to improve performance, taste, or offer additional dental benefits. Understanding the composition helps consumers choose the best option for their needs and preferences.
Common Synthetic Floss Materials
The majority of dental floss relies on two primary synthetic polymers for its structural integrity. Nylon, a long-chain synthetic polyamide fiber, is a common option. Nylon floss is multifilament, constructed from numerous fine strands twisted or braided together. This structure gives it comfort but also makes it susceptible to fraying or breaking, particularly when used between very tight teeth or around rough edges of dental work.
Another widely used material is Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the same material found in non-stick coatings. Unlike nylon, PTFE floss is a monofilament, consisting of a single, solid strand of polymer. This single-strand construction makes it exceptionally strong and highly resistant to shredding or snapping, a significant advantage for individuals with tightly spaced teeth. PTFE is recognized for its slick surface, allowing it to glide easily through contact points.
Waxes, Flavorings, and Coatings
The core synthetic strand is generally treated with secondary components to enhance its usability and appeal. A wax coating is applied to most conventional flosses, primarily to improve glide between the teeth and to prevent the multifilament strands from unraveling or shredding during use. The waxes used can be derived from natural sources, such as beeswax, or from synthetic sources like microcrystalline wax or paraffin.
Beyond texture, coatings deliver sensory and functional benefits. Flavorings are incorporated to make the flossing experience more palatable, with mint and cinnamon being the most common choices. Certain specialty flosses are coated with therapeutic additives like fluoride compounds to deliver anti-cavity benefits directly to the interproximal surfaces. Other products use a coating of xylitol, which is known to disrupt the growth of cavity-causing bacteria.
Emerging Biodegradable Alternatives
Concerns over the non-biodegradable nature of synthetic plastics have led to the development of sustainable alternatives. Silk, a protein fiber harvested from silkworm cocoons, has seen a resurgence as a natural option. Silk floss is completely biodegradable and can be composted, aligning with zero-waste lifestyles.
Plant-based polymers represent another growing category. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a polymer derived from renewable resources, such as corn starch, used to create a vegan and compostable floss. Other options include floss made from bamboo fibers, which may be woven alone or blended with PLA, sometimes incorporating activated charcoal. These natural options offer a plastic-free choice for consumers prioritizing environmental sustainability.