Uterine fibroids are common, non-cancerous growths that develop within or on the uterus. Also known as leiomyomas or myomas, these growths vary widely in size. While many individuals with fibroids experience no symptoms, others may encounter issues depending on their size, location, and number. These growths are the most common non-cancerous tumors in females, affecting between 40% to 80% of people with a uterus by age 50.
How Fibroids Are Measured
Medical professionals use diagnostic tools to measure uterine fibroids. Imaging techniques such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) scans assess their size and location. Ultrasound is frequently a first-line method, while MRI offers more detailed pictures of the fibroids’ number, size, and exact position.
Fibroid measurements are provided in centimeters (cm) or millimeters (mm). To aid understanding, healthcare providers often compare fibroid sizes to common fruits. This helps visualize growth, from as small as a seed or a pea to as large as a grapefruit or even a melon.
Defining Large Fibroids
There is no single, universal definition for a “big” uterine fibroid, as classification can vary among clinical practices. However, general size ranges categorize fibroids for assessment. Fibroids are commonly classified into small, medium, and large categories based on their diameter.
Small fibroids are less than 5 centimeters (cm) in diameter, compared to a seed, cherry, or plum. Medium fibroids range from 5 cm to 10 cm, likened to an orange or a lemon. Fibroids are considered large when they exceed 10 cm in diameter.
Large fibroids can grow to the size of a grapefruit, mango, or even a watermelon. In some cases, fibroids can become so massive that they fill the entire pelvis or abdominal area, making an individual appear pregnant. The distinction of “large” refers to physical measurement, often correlating with symptom likelihood due to their bulk.
Impact of Large Fibroids
Large uterine fibroids can exert pressure on surrounding organs, leading to a range of symptoms. These growths can distort the uterus and impact adjacent structures like the bladder, bowels, and kidneys. Symptoms often depend on the fibroid’s location.
Heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia) and prolonged periods are common issues. This excessive bleeding can lead to anemia, causing fatigue and weakness. Large fibroids can also cause pelvic pain or a feeling of pressure and fullness in the lower abdomen.
Pressure on the bladder can result in frequent urination or difficulty fully emptying the bladder. When fibroids press on the rectum or colon, they can lead to constipation or bloating. Backache or leg pain can also occur if large fibroids press on nerves and blood vessels. In rare cases, large fibroids can compress the ureters, potentially leading to hydronephrosis (swelling of the kidney due to urine backup).
When to Seek Medical Advice
Consulting a healthcare professional is advisable if you experience symptoms, particularly if they are new, worsening, or significantly impacting your daily life. Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, severe pelvic pain, or noticeable changes in bladder or bowel habits (such as increased urinary frequency or difficulty with bowel movements) warrant medical evaluation.
If you feel a mass or lump in your lower abdomen, or have concerns about potential fibroid growth, seek professional medical advice. Only a medical professional can accurately diagnose uterine fibroids, assess their size and location, and determine the most appropriate course of action. Early detection and management can help prevent complications and improve well-being.