Conjunctivitis is a common eye condition that causes discomfort. Many people experience this irritation, making it a frequent reason for eye health concerns. Understanding its nature and how to address it can guide appropriate actions.
What is Conjunctivitis?
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, a thin, transparent layer of tissue. This tissue lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. When the conjunctiva becomes inflamed, the fine blood vessels within it enlarge, making the eye appear reddish or pink.
The condition is known as “pink eye” due to this characteristic redness. Inflammation is the body’s response to irritation or infection, leading to swelling and discharge. While often not serious, it can cause discomfort and affect one or both eyes.
Causes and Recognizable Symptoms
Conjunctivitis primarily stems from three main categories: viral, bacterial, and allergic. Each type has distinct features.
Viral conjunctivitis is the most frequent cause of infectious pink eye and is often associated with common colds or upper respiratory infections. It typically begins in one eye and may spread to the other within a few days. Symptoms include a burning sensation and a clear, watery discharge that can cause eyelids to stick together in the morning.
Bacterial conjunctivitis is commonly caused by bacteria from the skin or respiratory system. This type often features a thick, sticky discharge that can be yellow or green, causing eyelids and eyelashes to crust, especially after sleep. Swelling and discomfort are also common.
Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when the eyes react to allergens like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. This type is not contagious and usually affects both eyes simultaneously. Key symptoms include intense itching, excessive tearing, and sometimes puffy eyelids. Other allergy-related symptoms like sneezing or a runny nose may accompany it.
Treatment and Management
Managing conjunctivitis involves comfort measures and specific treatments. Applying warm or cool compresses can help soothe irritation and reduce swelling. Soaking a clean, lint-free cloth in water and gently pressing it to closed eyelids often provides relief.
Over-the-counter options like artificial tears can lubricate the eyes and alleviate dryness. For allergic conjunctivitis, antihistamine eye drops can reduce itching and redness. Oral antihistamines may also provide systemic relief.
Bacterial conjunctivitis often resolves on its own within one to two weeks. Antibiotic eye drops or ointments may shorten the infection duration and prevent spread. Viral conjunctivitis generally clears within one to three weeks on its own, with supportive care like artificial tears and cold compresses. Antiviral medications might be considered for severe viral cases.
Prevention and When to Seek Professional Help
Preventing the spread of infectious conjunctivitis relies on good hygiene. Frequent hand washing with soap and water is recommended, especially after touching your eyes or contact with an infected person. Avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes, and not sharing personal items like towels, pillowcases, or eye makeup, can reduce transmission.
Many cases of conjunctivitis are mild and resolve without extensive medical intervention. Seek urgent care if you experience severe eye pain, changes in vision such as blurriness or light sensitivity, or if symptoms worsen. If symptoms do not improve within a few days, or if you wear contact lenses and develop red eyes, consult an eye care professional. Newborns with red, sticky eyes require immediate medical evaluation.