Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a common and highly contagious viral infection. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is a member of the herpesvirus family. While typically a mild illness, especially in children, it can lead to more severe complications in adults or individuals with weakened immune systems.
Understanding Chickenpox Symptoms
Chickenpox often begins with a low-grade fever, headache, fatigue, and reduced appetite. These symptoms may precede the rash by one to two days, especially in adults. The hallmark is an itchy rash that typically begins on the face, chest, and back, then spreads across the body, including the scalp, mouth, and genitals.
The rash progresses through three stages: red bumps, fluid-filled blisters, and scabs. New bumps can appear for several days, so different stages may be present simultaneously. Blisters eventually break open, leak, and dry to form scabs, with the rash typically lasting five to ten days until all lesions have crusted over.
How Chickenpox Spreads
Chickenpox is highly contagious. It spreads through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing, and direct contact with fluid from blisters. Infected individuals can spread the virus from one to two days before the rash appears until all blisters have scabbed over, typically four to seven days after the rash starts. The incubation period, from exposure to symptom onset, usually ranges from 10 to 21 days.
Care and Management
Management focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications like bacterial skin infections from scratching. Cool baths with colloidal oatmeal can soothe itching. Calamine lotion also provides relief when applied to itchy areas, avoiding the face and eyes.
Acetaminophen is recommended for fever and discomfort; aspirin should not be given to children under 18 due to Reye syndrome risk. Staying hydrated is important, and sugar-free popsicles can soothe mouth sores. Keeping fingernails trimmed and using mittens or gloves on young children helps prevent scratching, reducing the risk of skin infections and scarring.
Prevention through Vaccination
Vaccination with the varicella vaccine is the most effective way to prevent chickenpox. This vaccine contains a weakened form of the varicella-zoster virus, stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies and immunity without causing illness. It is typically administered in two doses.
For children, the first dose is recommended between 12 and 15 months, with the second between 4 and 6 years. Older children and adults who have not had chickenpox or been vaccinated should receive two doses, spaced at least 28 days apart. Since the vaccine’s introduction, the incidence of chickenpox has declined significantly.