Cetyl myristoleate (CMO) is a naturally occurring fatty acid ester and a type of lipid known as a cetylated fatty acid (CFA). CFAs are chemically derived from combining a fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol.
Chemical Structure and Natural Sources
CMO is chemically defined as the cetyl ester of myristoleic acid, linking the fatty acid myristoleic acid to cetyl alcohol. The molecule has the chemical formula \(\text{C}_{30}\text{H}_{58}\text{O}_2\), signifying a large, lipid-soluble structure. Dr. Harry Diehl first isolated and identified this compound at the National Institutes of Health in the 1960s and 1970s.
The discovery resulted from investigating why a strain of Swiss albino mice did not develop artificially induced arthritis. Dr. Diehl found that CMO provided this resistance. While CMO is found naturally in the fat of certain animals (including beavers, cows, and whales), its presence in humans is minimal and its role is not fully understood. For commercial use, CMO is typically produced synthetically through the esterification of myristoleic acid and cetyl alcohol to ensure purity and consistency.
Mechanisms of Action in the Body
The beneficial effects of CMO are thought to stem from a three-pronged physiological mechanism centered on joint and cellular health. One proposed function is as a localized lubricant, which may help improve the viscosity of the synovial fluid that bathes joint surfaces. This action is hypothesized to increase the pliability of surrounding tissues and muscles, reducing friction during movement.
CMO also plays a role in modulating inflammatory pathways. It is believed to interfere with the production of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Specifically, CMO may suppress the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, which are steps in the body’s inflammatory cascade.
The third mechanism involves interaction with cell membranes, particularly those in joint cartilage and synovial tissue. As a lipid, CMO integrates into the cellular membrane, helping to stabilize the structure and maintain the integrity and fluidity of the cell walls. This regulation of membrane function may offer a protective effect against degradation and cellular damage.
Common Therapeutic Applications
CMO is most commonly marketed as a dietary supplement for conditions affecting joint mobility and comfort. Its primary therapeutic application is managing symptoms associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Clinical research suggests that the use of cetylated fatty acids, including CMO, may lead to a decrease in pain and an improvement in overall function in people with knee OA.
The compound is also explored for its potential to ease symptoms related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune condition. CMO is sometimes utilized for secondary applications, such as alleviating general joint pain, reducing muscle soreness, and supporting recovery following intense physical activity.
Consumers can access CMO in two main commercial forms: oral supplements (typically capsules or tablets) and topical preparations. The oral route allows the compound to circulate systemically, while topical creams and ointments are applied directly to the affected area. Topical application offers the benefit of rapid local absorption through the skin.
Administration and Safety Profile
Suggested oral dosing for CMO supplements varies between manufacturers. General guidelines often recommend taking 400 to 500 milligrams daily over a short course, such as 30 days. Some protocols suggest a higher initial dosage for a limited period, followed by a maintenance regimen. The European Food Safety Authority has considered cetylated fatty acids safe at doses up to 1.6 grams daily.
CMO has a favorable safety profile and is well-tolerated by most individuals. The most frequently reported side effects are minor and involve the gastrointestinal system, such as mild diarrhea or nausea, which are more likely at higher doses. Individuals taking blood-thinning medications should consult a healthcare provider before using CMO due to potential interaction. Women who are pregnant or nursing are generally advised to avoid its use, as there is insufficient reliable safety information.