Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique used during cardiac emergencies to maintain vital functions until professional medical help arrives. This intervention can significantly increase a person’s chances of survival. Understanding the core principles of CPR is important for anyone who might find themselves in an emergency situation. The acronym CAB is central to modern CPR guidelines, representing a sequence of actions designed for effective resuscitation.
Unpacking CAB
The acronym CAB in CPR stands for Compressions, Airway, and Breathing. This sequence outlines the primary steps a rescuer should take. The “C” emphasizes chest compressions, which involve rhythmic pressing on the center of the chest to manually pump blood throughout the body. This action helps circulate oxygen to the brain and other organs.
The “A” refers to Airway, focusing on ensuring the person’s airway is open and clear. This involves maneuvers like tilting the head back and lifting the chin to prevent the tongue from obstructing the throat. The “B” represents Breathing, which involves providing rescue breaths to deliver oxygen to the person’s lungs. These components ensure oxygen delivery and distribution.
The Rationale Behind CAB
The adoption of the CAB sequence shifted CPR guidelines, moving away from the previous ABC (Airway, Breathing, Compressions) approach. The American Heart Association (AHA) endorsed this change in 2010, based on scientific evidence. Research indicated that immediate, uninterrupted chest compressions effectively maintain blood flow to the brain and heart during sudden cardiac arrest. Delaying compressions to first open the airway and deliver breaths was found to reduce CPR effectiveness.
The primary goal during cardiac arrest is to circulate oxygenated blood to prevent damage to organs. Prioritizing compressions ensures that blood, even if not fully oxygenated, continues to reach the brain and heart. This immediate focus on circulation improves survival chances, as delays reduce positive outcomes. The CAB sequence reflects a refined understanding of physiological needs during cardiac arrest.
Implementing CAB in CPR
Applying the CAB sequence begins with immediate action. The rescuer should initiate chest compressions without delay, focusing on the “C” first. Compressions should be delivered forcefully and rapidly, aiming for a depth of at least 2 inches for adults and a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. Minimizing interruptions during compressions is to maintain consistent blood flow.
After 30 compressions, the rescuer addresses the “A” by opening the airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver. Following this, two rescue breaths, the “B”, are given, each lasting about one second with visible chest rise. The rescuer then immediately returns to chest compressions, continuing this cycle until professional medical help arrives or the person shows signs of recovery. This systematic approach ensures that the most important action, blood circulation, is prioritized while still providing necessary ventilation.