The buccal mucosa is a specialized lining inside the mouth, specifically covering the inner surfaces of the cheeks. It is a common component of the oral cavity, playing a role in daily activities. This tissue is a type of mucous membrane that serves as a protective barrier within the oral environment. It contributes to the overall health and functionality of the mouth.
Location and Structure
The buccal mucosa lines the inner cheeks, extending from the corners of the mouth towards the back of the oral cavity. It forms part of the broader oral mucosa, which includes all mucous membranes lining the mouth. This lining is a flexible and soft tissue, allowing for oral movements.
Structurally, the buccal mucosa consists of two primary layers: a surface epithelium and an underlying connective tissue layer known as the lamina propria. The epithelium is a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, meaning it comprises multiple layers of flat cells that are not hardened by keratin, which contributes to its flexibility and sensitivity. Beneath the lamina propria, a submucosa is typically present, containing loose connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and minor salivary glands. This arrangement provides support and allows for its mobility.
Essential Roles
The buccal mucosa serves several functions, with protection being a primary role. It acts as a barrier, shielding underlying tissues from mechanical forces during chewing, as well as from chemical irritants and microorganisms present in the mouth. Its non-keratinized epithelium contributes to its flexibility, which helps in resisting trauma.
Another role is lubrication. Minor salivary glands near the buccal mucosa contribute to saliva production, keeping the mouth moist and aiding initial digestion. This moisture also facilitates the movement of food during chewing and swallowing. It also aids in speech articulation and sensory perception of food texture and temperature.
The buccal mucosa possesses limited absorptive capabilities, a property utilized in medicine. Certain medications can be administered buccally; placed against this membrane, they diffuse directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system and liver metabolism. This method can offer a faster onset of action for some drugs.
Appearance and Characteristics
A healthy buccal mucosa typically appears moist and is pink to dark pink. Its texture is generally smooth and pliable, indicating its normal state. This consistent appearance reflects the tissue’s proper functioning and overall oral health.
Common, normal variations can also be observed. One such variation is the linea alba, a horizontal white line running along the inner cheek at the level where the upper and lower teeth meet. This line is typically caused by frictional irritation from chewing or tooth contact and is considered a benign condition. Another variation is Fordyce spots: small, yellowish or creamy-yellow bumps from ectopic sebaceous glands that are not associated with hair follicles. These spots are also normal and present in many adults.