Axillary breast tissue, also known as accessory breast tissue, represents a common congenital variation where breast tissue develops outside the typical chest area. It is a remnant from embryonic development when certain structures do not fully regress. While generally benign, its presence can sometimes lead to concerns.
Understanding Axillary Breast Tissue
Axillary breast tissue stems from the embryonic mammary ridge, also known as the milk line. This ridge extends from the armpit to the groin during fetal development; while most disappears, some tissue can persist beyond the chest. The armpit is the most frequent site for this extra tissue, though it can occur anywhere along this path, including less common areas like the face, back, or thigh.
It can contain components found in typical breast tissue: glandular tissue, fat, and sometimes a nipple or areola. Classifications describe its composition, ranging from a complete breast structure with nipple, areola, and glandular tissue (polymastia) to only glandular tissue or an accessory nipple (polythelia). This normal anatomical variation affects approximately 2% to 6% of women and 1% to 3% of men, often becoming noticeable due to hormonal changes.
Identifying Its Presence
Axillary breast tissue may be noticed as a palpable lump or generalized fullness in the armpit. It can feel glandular, with a lumpy or nodular texture similar to typical breast tissue. Appearance varies from a small, soft mass to a diffuse, meaty-like bulge, particularly when arms are lowered.
Symptoms often include tenderness, swelling, or pain. These sensations align with hormonal fluctuations, becoming more pronounced during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or lactation. The tissue responds to hormonal changes like normal breast tissue, potentially causing increased discomfort or size.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
While generally harmless, certain signs warrant medical evaluation. Consult a healthcare provider if a new lump appears, an existing mass changes size or shape, or if persistent pain, skin changes, or nipple discharge occurs. These symptoms, though often benign, should be assessed to rule out other conditions.
A doctor typically performs a physical examination to assess the tissue’s texture and consistency, differentiating it from other lumps like swollen lymph nodes, lipomas, or cysts. Imaging studies, such as ultrasound, mammography, or MRI, may be recommended to evaluate tissue composition and confirm diagnosis. Ultrasound distinguishes between glandular tissue and fat, while mammography assesses density and detects abnormalities.
Approaches to Management
For asymptomatic axillary breast tissue, observation and reassurance are common. No intervention may be necessary if it causes no discomfort or cosmetic concern, as it is generally benign and a normal anatomical variation. Regular self-examination and monitoring for changes are advisable.
When symptoms like pain, discomfort, or significant cosmetic concerns arise, treatment options become relevant. Surgical excision is the primary method for symptomatic cases, removing excess tissue to alleviate physical and mechanical discomfort. Liposuction can also be considered, especially if the tissue is predominantly fat, offering a less invasive option for reducing bulk. A combination of liposuction and surgical excision may be utilized for optimal results, especially when both fatty and glandular tissue are present.