The wishbone, a familiar sight at holiday meals, holds a unique place in both biology and cultural tradition. Often associated with good fortune and wishes, this forked bone connects us to ancient practices and the intricate anatomy of birds. It serves as both a physical structure and a cultural symbol.
Common Alternative Names
The wishbone has several other names, reflecting its scientific classification and historical usage. Scientifically, it is called the “furcula,” from the Latin for “little fork,” which accurately describes its distinctive shape. An older name, “merrythought,” was prevalent in 17th-century England, linking the bone directly to the joyful act of making wishes.
Biological Purpose and Anatomy
The wishbone, or furcula, is a forked bone found in most birds and some non-avian dinosaurs. It forms from the fusion of the two clavicles (collarbones) between the bird’s neck and breast. This structure is a component of the pectoral girdle, which supports the wings. Its primary function is to strengthen the thoracic skeleton, enabling it to withstand significant flight forces.
The furcula acts as a strut between a bird’s shoulders, articulating with each scapula. During the downstroke of a bird’s wings, the flight muscles compress the furcula, causing its arms to spread apart. As the wings move upward, the furcula contracts, releasing stored energy and aiding in the recovery stroke. This spring-like action helps to absorb stress and contributes to the efficiency of flight.
Beyond its role in flight mechanics, the furcula may also assist in a bird’s respiratory system. It helps to pump air through the air sacs, vital for efficient oxygen exchange during high metabolic activity like flying.
The Origin of the Wishbone Tradition
The tradition of breaking the wishbone dates back thousands of years to the ancient Etruscan civilization in Italy. The Etruscans believed birds, particularly chickens, possessed prophetic abilities. After a sacred fowl was consumed, its furcula would be dried. People would then stroke the bone while making a wish, hoping to harness the bird’s perceived powers.
The Romans later adopted this custom. As the popularity of making wishes grew, a scarcity of bones emerged. To address this, the practice evolved from merely stroking the bone to two individuals pulling it apart. The person with the larger piece was believed to have their wish granted.
This tradition subsequently traveled to England, where it became known as the “merrythought.” The custom spread further with English colonists, eventually arriving in the New World. With the abundance of wild turkeys, the tradition adapted to include turkey wishbones, becoming a part of festive meals, particularly around Thanksgiving. The term “wishbone” itself was recorded from 1860, solidifying its common name.