An aerosol inhaler is a medical device designed to deliver medication directly into a person’s lungs. It is a common and effective method for individuals managing respiratory conditions. This portable device transforms liquid or powdered medication into a fine mist or spray, which can then be easily inhaled. Its primary purpose is to provide targeted treatment to the respiratory system, offering localized relief and minimizing systemic side effects.
What is an Aerosol Inhaler?
An aerosol inhaler, often referred to as a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (MDI), is a handheld device that delivers a precise amount of medication with each puff. These inhalers use a propellant to create a fine aerosol spray containing the active drug, allowing for direct delivery to the lungs. This direct administration allows medication to work quickly where it is needed most, such as in the airways.
Aerosol inhalers are prescribed for managing various respiratory conditions. These include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease that causes obstructed airflow, and asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease. By delivering medication directly to the lungs, these devices help to open airways and reduce symptoms like wheezing and shortness of breath.
How Aerosol Inhalers Deliver Medication
The mechanism of an aerosol inhaler involves a pressurized canister containing medication, a surfactant, and a propellant, all encased within a plastic sleeve with a mouthpiece. When the user presses down on the canister, a metering valve releases a precise dose of medication. This action creates a fine mist or spray of medication particles suspended in the propellant.
Upon release, the propellant rapidly evaporates, leaving behind small drug particles that are inhaled into the respiratory tract. The effectiveness of this delivery depends on the particle size; for medication to reach the deep airways and lungs, particles need to be between 1 and 5 micrometers in diameter. Particles outside this range may deposit in the mouth or throat, reducing the amount of medication that reaches the lungs. Modern MDIs use hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs) as propellants, replacing older propellants like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) due to environmental concerns.
Proper Technique for Using an Inhaler
Correct technique is important for ensuring medication reaches the lungs effectively. Before each use, shake the inhaler for 5 seconds to mix medication and propellant. If new, unused for a while, or dropped, prime the inhaler by spraying a few puffs into the air as instructed.
Inhalation Steps
Exhale completely to empty your lungs. Place the mouthpiece in your mouth, sealing your lips tightly around it. As you begin to breathe in slowly and deeply through your mouth, simultaneously press down firmly on the canister to release a puff of medication. Continue inhaling slowly for 3 to 5 seconds, aiming for a full, deep breath.
Hold your breath for 5 to 10 seconds to allow the medication to settle deeply into the lungs. Slowly exhale and remove the mouthpiece. If an additional puff is required, wait 30 seconds to 1 minute between puffs. Inhaling too quickly can cause medication to deposit in the back of the throat; a whistling sound during inhalation can indicate this.
Tips for Effective Use
Using a spacer device can improve drug delivery, especially for children or those who find it difficult to coordinate pressing the canister with inhaling. A spacer is a chamber that attaches to the inhaler, holding the medication mist until the user can inhale it at their own pace. This allows more time for the propellant to evaporate, resulting in smaller, more respirable particles.
After using an inhaler, rinsing the mouth with water and spitting it out can help prevent oral thrush, a fungal infection. Regularly check the dose counter for remaining doses, and routinely clean the mouthpiece with warm, soapy water, typically once a week.