An acute hepatitis panel is a group of blood tests designed to detect a recent or sudden inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections. This panel helps identify which specific hepatitis virus might be responsible for the liver inflammation.
Understanding the Acute Hepatitis Panel
A healthcare provider typically orders an acute hepatitis panel when a person exhibits symptoms consistent with hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). The panel is also considered when there’s a suspected exposure to a hepatitis virus. The test specifically looks for acute, or recent, infections caused by the most common hepatitis viruses. To perform the test, a healthcare professional takes a blood sample, usually from a vein in the arm. This sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Key Components of the Panel
The acute hepatitis panel primarily screens for three common types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A (HAV), Hepatitis B (HBV), and Hepatitis C (HCV).
For Hepatitis A, the panel looks for IgM antibodies to HAV (IgM anti-HAV). The presence of these antibodies typically indicates a recent or acute HAV infection, usually appearing within four weeks of exposure and remaining detectable for about three to six months.
For Hepatitis B, the panel includes several markers. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a viral protein that appears early in an infection and indicates the person is currently infected and infectious. Another marker, IgM hepatitis B core antibody (IgM anti-HBc), signals an acute or recently acquired HBV infection, typically appearing around six weeks after exposure and remaining detectable for up to two years.
For Hepatitis C, the panel primarily tests for antibodies to the Hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). While anti-HCV indicates exposure to the virus at some point, it does not differentiate between a past, resolved infection and a current, active one. Therefore, if anti-HCV is positive, further testing for HCV RNA (viral genetic material) is often performed to confirm an active infection.
Deciphering Your Results
A positive IgM anti-HAV result confirms an acute or very recent Hepatitis A infection. For Hepatitis B, a positive HBsAg means an active infection is present, whether acute or chronic. If HBsAg is positive along with IgM anti-HBc, it strongly indicates an acute HBV infection. If HBsAg persists for more than six months, it suggests a chronic HBV infection.
For Hepatitis C, a positive anti-HCV result signifies past or current exposure. To confirm an active HCV infection, a positive anti-HCV result needs to be followed by a test for HCV RNA, which directly detects the virus’s genetic material. If HCV RNA is detected, it confirms an active infection. Conversely, a positive anti-HCV with undetectable HCV RNA usually means a resolved past infection. It is important to discuss all results with a healthcare professional for accurate interpretation and appropriate medical guidance.
Beyond the Panel
If a particular hepatitis virus is identified, additional diagnostic tests might be necessary, such as viral load measurements or genotyping, especially for Hepatitis B and C, to guide treatment decisions. For acute Hepatitis A, treatment is generally supportive as the infection usually resolves on its own. Similarly, acute Hepatitis B often resolves spontaneously, but severe cases may require antiviral medication.
For acute Hepatitis C, early treatment with antiviral medications may be considered to prevent progression to chronic infection. Preventing transmission is also an important consideration. This can involve vaccinations for Hepatitis A and B, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding sharing needles or other personal items that could transmit the virus.