Ammonia inhalants, or “smelling salts,” are compounds of diluted ammonia, water, and ethanol. Inhaling their strong, pungent vapors acts as a physical stimulant, providing an immediate, temporary effect. These substances have been used since the 13th century, primarily to help revive individuals.
The Primary Medical Application
Ammonia inhalants are used medically to revive individuals who have fainted (syncope) or to alleviate lightheadedness. The mechanism involves ammonia fumes irritating the mucous membranes in the nose and lungs, triggering an involuntary inhalation reflex and a deep breath.
This reflex stimulation causes respiratory muscles to work faster, increasing oxygen intake. The rush of oxygen to the brain, combined with a stimulated sympathetic nervous system, prompts a “fight or flight” response, temporarily increasing heart rate and blood pressure. This cascade quickly restores alertness and consciousness, though effects are short-lived. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved smelling salts specifically for preventing and treating fainting.
Beyond Fainting: Other Applications and Misconceptions
Beyond their approved medical use, ammonia inhalants are commonly applied in sports, though often unproven. Athletes in disciplines like weightlifting, boxing, and football sometimes use them to feel more awake or to “psych up” before performance, seeking temporary alertness or perceived energy.
Ammonia inhalants are not performance-enhancing drugs, but strong, temporary stimulants. While they provide transient alertness or focus, scientific evidence for consistent, direct enhancement of muscle strength or overall performance in maximal effort is limited. Some research suggests a benefit only during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise, where it may increase power. Any perceived benefit in other scenarios might be more psychological than physiological.
Understanding the Risks
Despite common use, ammonia inhalants carry risks, especially if not used properly. Ammonia is a corrosive chemical, causing irritation or chemical burns to nasal passages, eyes, and skin if mishandled or held too close. Overuse can damage nasal passages or even the lungs.
Individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, such as asthma or emphysema, should avoid ammonia inhalants as they can exacerbate breathing difficulties. Using these inhalants on someone with a suspected head or neck injury is also dangerous. The involuntary head jerk from the strong fumes may worsen an underlying injury, and the temporary stimulating effect could mask symptoms of a more serious condition, delaying proper medical evaluation. To minimize irritation, hold the inhalant at least four to six inches from the nostrils and inhale slowly.