Acute bloody diarrhea is a sudden onset of diarrhea with visible blood, often accompanied by frequent bowel movements. Also known as dysentery, this condition signals a serious underlying health issue and warrants prompt medical attention.
Understanding Acute Bloody Diarrhea
The term “acute” refers to a condition that begins suddenly and often has a relatively short duration, typically less than three weeks. “Bloody” signifies the presence of blood, which can manifest as bright red streaks, dark red clots, or even black, tarry stools, known as melena, indicating digested blood from higher in the gastrointestinal tract. Blood appears in the stool when there is irritation, inflammation, or damage to the lining of the digestive tract, allowing blood to enter the intestines.
Common Causes
Acute bloody diarrhea is frequently caused by infectious agents, with bacteria being common culprits. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly the O157:H7 strain, is a well-known cause, and can severely damage the intestinal lining. Other common bacterial infections include Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter jejuni.
Viruses can also lead to bloody diarrhea, such as rotavirus, which is a common cause in children. Parasitic infections, such as those caused by Entamoeba histolytica, can also result in dysentery. Less commonly, inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease can present with acute bloody diarrhea during flare-ups.
Accompanying Symptoms
Acute bloody diarrhea often comes with other symptoms. Abdominal pain or cramps are common, often due to intestinal inflammation. Nausea and vomiting may also be present as the body expels harmful pathogens or toxins.
Fever is a common accompanying symptom, particularly with bacterial infections, signifying an immune response. Dehydration is a significant concern due to rapid fluid and electrolyte loss from frequent bowel movements and vomiting. This fluid loss can lead to increased thirst, decreased urination, and fatigue.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention for acute bloody diarrhea, as it can indicate a serious underlying condition. Adults should consult a doctor if diarrhea persists beyond two days, if they experience severe abdominal or rectal pain, or if their stools are bloody or black. A fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) warrants medical evaluation.
For children, especially infants, bloody diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration, making prompt medical assessment urgent. Parents should contact a doctor if a child’s diarrhea does not improve within 24 hours, if they show signs of dehydration like lethargy or decreased urination, or if they have a fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) or bloody or black stools. Elderly individuals or those with compromised immune systems should also seek medical help immediately if they develop bloody diarrhea.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing acute bloody diarrhea typically involves a combination of methods to identify the underlying cause. A medical professional usually conducts a physical examination and may request laboratory tests. Stool tests are commonly performed to check for blood, bacterial infections, or parasites. Blood tests may also be ordered to assess for anemia, electrolyte imbalances, or signs of infection.
Treatment for acute bloody diarrhea focuses on addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms. Hydration is important, with oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids used to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes. Supportive care, including rest and dietary modifications, is advised.
Antibiotics may be prescribed for certain bacterial infections, such as Shigella, but are generally avoided for STEC infections like E. coli O157:H7, as they can sometimes increase the risk of complications like hemolytic uremic syndrome. Anti-diarrheal medications are generally not recommended for bloody diarrhea as they can worsen certain conditions and prolong the body’s exposure to toxins.