Range of motion (ROM) refers to the full movement potential of a joint, indicating how far a body part can move. This movement capacity is fundamental for everyday activities. When joint movement is restricted due to injury, illness, or inactivity, it can significantly impact functional abilities. This article focuses on Active Assisted Range of Motion (AAROM), an exercise used to restore and improve joint movement.
Understanding Active Assisted Range of Motion
Active Assisted Range of Motion (AAROM) involves moving a joint through its available range with partial help from an external source. This assistance can come from another person, a specialized device, or another part of the individual’s own body. The defining characteristic of AAROM is that the individual actively engages their muscles to perform the movement, receiving support to complete the full range of motion when weakness, pain, or muscle tone changes limit independent movement.
AAROM contrasts with Active Range of Motion (AROM) and Passive Range of Motion (PROM). AROM occurs when an individual moves a joint entirely through their own muscle contraction, without external assistance. PROM involves an external force moving a joint completely, with the individual’s muscles remaining relaxed and providing no effort. PROM is often used when a patient cannot move a body part themselves, such as due to paralysis or a healing injury. AAROM serves as a bridge between these two, allowing for active muscle engagement while providing the necessary support to achieve a greater range than possible with AROM alone.
Purpose of Active Assisted Range of Motion
The primary purpose of Active Assisted Range of Motion exercises is to facilitate gradual recovery and enhance joint function following injury, surgery, or conditions that limit mobility. These exercises increase joint flexibility and gradually improve muscle strength by actively engaging the muscles while receiving assistance.
AAROM helps prevent stiffness and the formation of contractures, which are shortenings of muscles or connective tissues that restrict joint movement. It also reduces pain during movement, as assistance alleviates strain on compromised tissues. AAROM is frequently used in rehabilitation to prepare a joint for full active movement, allowing individuals to progress from relying on external help to performing movements independently. This method supports recovery by reducing muscle atrophy and improving overall joint mobility.
Performing Active Assisted Range of Motion
Active Assisted Range of Motion can be performed in several ways. One common method involves a therapist or caregiver providing manual assistance, guiding the limb through its range of motion while the individual actively participates. This allows for precise control and tailored support. Another approach is self-assisted AAROM, where the individual uses their unaffected limb or a device like a towel, cane, or pulley system to help move the affected joint.
Specialized equipment can also provide mechanical assistance, such as continuous passive motion (CPM) machines, or simpler tools like slings and finger ladders. For example, a person recovering from shoulder surgery might use a pulley system to gently raise their arm higher than they could on their own, while still engaging their shoulder muscles. For a knee, an individual might perform heel slides, using a towel or belt to help pull their heel closer to their body, actively engaging their leg muscles. All movements should be smooth, controlled, and performed within a pain-free range to avoid further injury.
Key Considerations for Active Assisted Range of Motion
Before beginning any Active Assisted Range of Motion program, consult with a healthcare professional, such as a physical therapist or doctor. They can assess the individual’s condition, determine appropriate exercises, and provide guidance for safety and effectiveness. Professional oversight helps customize exercises to the patient’s specific injury or condition and adjust intensity and progression over time.
AAROM may be inappropriate or require caution in certain situations. These include acute fractures, severe soft tissue trauma, or immediately following surgery where movement is restricted or could disrupt healing. AAROM should also be approached cautiously if there is significant pain, joint swelling, or if exercises intensify symptoms. A mild stretch is acceptable, but pain indicates the movement may be too aggressive or contraindicated.