Acetone poisoning happens when the body absorbs more of this chemical than it can process. Acetone, a colorless liquid with a distinct odor, is a common solvent in many household and industrial products, often associated with nail polish remover. While naturally produced in small amounts during fat metabolism, excessive external exposure can overwhelm the liver’s ability to break it down, leading to toxic effects.
How Acetone Poisoning Occurs
Exposure to acetone occurs through ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Common household products like nail polish removers, cleaning solutions, paint thinners, and some glues contain acetone, as do industrial solvents. Ingestion is common, especially among children.
Inhaling high concentrations of vapors, particularly in poorly ventilated spaces, can also lead to poisoning. Skin absorption can occur with prolonged contact or if the skin barrier is compromised. Occupational settings, involving large quantities of acetone, pose a higher risk for inhalation and dermal exposure.
Recognizing the Signs of Acetone Poisoning
Symptoms vary based on the amount absorbed and exposure route. Neurological effects include headaches, dizziness, slurred speech, uncoordination, and lethargy. More severe cases can involve confusion, stupor, or coma. Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. A sweet or fruity odor on the breath, similar to nail polish remover, is a common sign as the body tries to excrete the chemical. Respiratory issues include difficulty breathing or a slowed breathing rate. Other signs can include a sweet taste in the mouth, low blood pressure, and a rapid heart rate.
Immediate Steps and Medical Treatment
If acetone poisoning is suspected, move the individual to fresh air to reduce further inhalation. If skin or eyes are exposed, remove contaminated clothing and rinse affected areas with water for at least 15 minutes. Contact emergency services or a poison control center for guidance.
Medical professionals provide supportive care, monitoring vital signs like temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Oxygen therapy and intravenous fluids may be administered to stabilize the patient. In rare, severe ingestion cases, gastric lavage (stomach pumping) might be considered within the first hour, though it carries risks and is not always effective due to rapid absorption. Hemodialysis, a blood filtering procedure, is also considered in very severe cases.
Preventing Acetone Exposure
Preventing acetone poisoning involves careful handling and storage. Always keep acetone products in their original, clearly labeled containers, securely out of reach of children and pets. Keep these products away from open flames or heat sources due to acetone’s high flammability.
When using acetone, ensure the area is well-ventilated to prevent vapor buildup. Wearing personal protective equipment, such as chemical-resistant gloves and safety goggles, helps prevent skin and eye contact, especially during prolonged use. Follow product labels for specific usage instructions and warnings.
Dispose of acetone responsibly. Small amounts, like those on a cotton ball, can be placed in a sealed bag and disposed of with regular trash. However, larger quantities or unused bottles should be taken to a hazardous waste facility, as pouring them down the drain can damage plumbing and contaminate water sources.