Urology is a specialized field of medicine concentrating on the health of the urinary system and, for men, the reproductive system. Urologists are medical doctors who diagnose and treat a broad spectrum of conditions affecting these systems in both men and women, across all age groups.
What a Urologist Does
Urologists focus on organ systems including the kidneys, which filter waste; the ureters, tubes transporting urine from kidneys to the bladder; the bladder, which stores urine; and the urethra, through which urine exits the body. These organs are part of the urinary tract for both sexes.
For men, urologists also focus on the reproductive organs, including the penis, testes, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles. This dual focus on urinary and male reproductive systems highlights the interconnectedness of these bodily functions, often referred to as the genitourinary system. Urologists address both medical and surgical conditions, caring for patients from infancy to old age.
Common Conditions Treated
Urologists address many common conditions affecting the urinary tract. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequently treated, especially recurrent ones. Kidney stones, hard deposits of minerals and salts that can cause severe pain as they pass through the urinary system, are also commonly managed. Bladder control problems, such as urinary incontinence (involuntary urine leakage) and overactive bladder, are also within their scope, impacting both men and women.
Men often consult urologists for issues specific to their reproductive health. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), an enlargement of the prostate gland that can impede urine flow, is a common condition among older men. Erectile dysfunction (ED), the inability to achieve or maintain an erection, is another prevalent male health concern. Urologists also evaluate and treat male infertility, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer.
Women may seek urological care for conditions like pelvic organ prolapse and persistent recurrent UTIs. Pediatric urologists address issues such as bedwetting and congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract.
When to Consult a Urologist
Recognizing specific symptoms can help determine when a urological consultation is appropriate. One significant symptom warranting a visit is the presence of blood in the urine, known as hematuria. Frequent or urgent urination, pain or burning during urination, and difficulty initiating urination or maintaining a strong urine stream are also reasons to seek evaluation.
Loss of bladder control or urinary incontinence indicates a need for specialized assessment. Persistent pain in the lower back, side, or groin area could signal kidney stones. For men, concerns about erectile dysfunction or male infertility warrant a urologist visit. Changes in prostate health, particularly for men over 50, such as frequent nighttime urination or a weak stream, also suggest a urological consultation.