A Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE) is a non-invasive medical imaging test that uses ultrasound technology to create moving pictures of the heart. It is the most frequently performed type of echocardiogram, providing a dynamic view of the heart’s structure and function. A small, handheld device called a transducer emits high-frequency sound waves that travel through the chest and bounce off the heart’s structures. These echoes are captured by the transducer and translated by a computer into real-time images displayed on a monitor. The TTE is a quick and safe diagnostic tool that offers valuable information without requiring radiation exposure.
What the Test Visualizes
The TTE allows doctors to see the anatomy of the heart in motion, which is important for assessing its health. The images provide a detailed look at the four chambers (the two atria and two ventricles), allowing for measurement of their size and thickness. Enlargement of a chamber can indicate conditions like high blood pressure or valve disease.
The test evaluates the heart’s pumping strength, quantified by the Ejection Fraction (EF). The EF is the percentage of blood pumped out of the main pumping chamber (the left ventricle) with each beat. A normal EF is above 50% to 55%; a lower percentage indicates reduced systolic function and suggests heart weakness. Echocardiography also assesses the movement of the heart muscle walls, identifying areas that contract weakly or not at all, which can point to damage from a prior heart attack.
A detailed examination of the four heart valves (aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary) is another primary function of the TTE. The test determines if the valves are opening fully (stenosis or narrowing) or closing completely (regurgitation or leakage). While mild regurgitation is common, significant issues can strain the heart. The TTE also assesses blood flow patterns and velocity through the chambers and valves, often using color Doppler technology.
Preparing for and Undergoing the Test
The Transthoracic Echocardiogram requires minimal preparation, making the procedure straightforward. You can eat, drink, and take prescribed medications as normal before your appointment. It is helpful to wear loose-fitting clothing that allows easy access to the chest area, as you will need to undress from the waist up and may be given a gown.
A trained technician, known as a cardiac sonographer, will attach small electrode patches to your chest upon entering the examination room. These patches connect to an electrocardiogram (ECG) machine, which monitors your heart’s electrical activity and rate throughout the procedure. You will be asked to lie on an examination table, often turning onto your left side. This position helps bring the heart closer to the chest wall for clearer imaging.
The sonographer applies a small amount of warm, water-soluble gel directly to your chest. This gel ensures the sound waves transmit properly between the transducer and your skin. The sonographer then firmly presses the transducer against your chest and moves it to capture various standard views of the heart. During the 30 to 60-minute procedure, you may hear whooshing sounds (the machine recording blood flow) and may be asked to hold your breath or change position briefly to optimize image quality.
Understanding the Results
Once the images and measurements are captured, the sonographer sends the complete recording to a cardiologist for detailed interpretation. The cardiologist analyzes various parameters, such as chamber sizes and the Ejection Fraction, integrating these findings into a comprehensive diagnostic report. This analysis and reporting process typically takes a few days, though the turnaround time varies by facility.
The report contains specific measurements and descriptions of function. It notes if the heart chambers are within the normal size range or if the valves show evidence of stenosis or regurgitation. Diastolic function, which measures the heart’s ability to relax and fill with blood, may be graded from normal to severe impairment. The final step is a follow-up appointment with the ordering physician to discuss the report’s findings in the context of your overall health.
The physician will explain what the results mean for your heart health and whether additional testing or treatment is recommended. The echocardiogram provides technical data that contributes to a clinical diagnosis and necessary treatment plan.