Testicular cysts are common, benign fluid-filled sacs that develop within the scrotum. They typically pose no serious health threat and often don’t require medical intervention. While they can occur in various scrotal locations, they most frequently form in the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle.
Common Types of Testicular Cysts
Two primary types of testicular cysts are epididymal cysts and spermatoceles. An epididymal cyst is a fluid-filled mass developing within the epididymis, the tube storing and transporting sperm. These cysts typically contain clear fluid. Spermatoceles also form in the epididymis, often near the top of the testicle. Their key distinction is that spermatoceles contain fluid that may include sperm, giving it a milky or cloudy appearance. Both are non-cancerous and generally do not affect fertility.
Hydroceles are another fluid collection in the scrotum, though not technically testicular cysts. A hydrocele involves fluid buildup around the testicle, within the tunica vaginalis sac. Unlike epididymal cysts, hydroceles typically cause swelling around the testicle itself, often pushing it to the back of the scrotum. While usually benign, their presentation can be confused with a testicular cyst or other scrotal conditions.
Signs and Symptoms
A testicular cyst often presents as a palpable lump or swelling within the scrotum. This lump is typically smooth, distinct from the testicle, and may feel soft or slightly squishy. Many small cysts cause no symptoms, often discovered incidentally during self-examination or a routine physical check-up.
When symptoms occur, they can include a feeling of heaviness or mild discomfort in the affected testicle or scrotum. A particularly large cyst might lead to more noticeable pain or pressure. It is uncommon for these cysts to cause sharp, intense pain or to hurt when squeezed. However, any new lump or change in the scrotum warrants medical attention.
Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing a testicular cyst typically begins with a physical examination. The doctor assesses the lump’s size, location, and consistency. An ultrasound is frequently used to confirm the diagnosis and distinguish a cyst from other scrotal conditions. This imaging technique provides detailed views, differentiating fluid-filled cysts from potentially more concerning solid masses.
Many small, asymptomatic testicular cysts do not require treatment and are simply monitored through “watchful waiting.” If a cyst causes persistent discomfort, pain, or grows significantly, surgical removal (cystectomy or spermatocelectomy) can be considered. This procedure involves a small scrotal incision to excise the cyst. While effective, recurrence can occur, and there is a minimal risk to fertility if sperm-transporting structures are affected.
Understanding Other Scrotal Lumps
Discovering a new scrotal lump can cause concern, often leading to worries about serious conditions like testicular cancer. While this article focuses on cysts, many other conditions can cause scrotal lumps, making professional medical evaluation crucial for accurate diagnosis. Testicular cancer, for instance, typically presents as a harder lump within the testicle itself, rather than separate from it.
Other conditions that can mimic a testicular cyst include hydroceles (fluid collections around the testicle) and varicoceles (enlarged veins within the scrotum). Inguinal hernias, where a portion of the intestine protrudes into the scrotum, can also present as a lump. Given the varied causes of scrotal lumps and the importance of ruling out serious conditions, a healthcare provider should always evaluate any new or changing scrotal mass.