A spontaneous abortion (SAB) is the medical term for a pregnancy loss that occurs naturally before the 20th week of gestation. Spontaneous abortions are more common than many people realize, affecting between 10% and 20% of all recognized pregnancies.
Defining Spontaneous Abortion
A spontaneous abortion is the involuntary termination of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation. Most occur much earlier, typically before the 13th week. This natural process is not caused by anything the pregnant individual did or did not do. The medical term “spontaneous abortion” differentiates it from an induced abortion, which is a deliberate termination.
Factors Contributing to Spontaneous Abortion
Chromosomal abnormalities are the most frequent cause of spontaneous abortions, accounting for approximately 50% to 70% of early pregnancy losses. These abnormalities occur when the developing embryo has an incorrect number of chromosomes, often preventing it from developing normally. Advanced maternal age increases the risk of these chromosomal issues.
Beyond chromosomal factors, other elements can contribute to spontaneous abortion. Structural issues within the reproductive tract, such as uterine fibroids, an abnormally shaped uterus, or a cervix that opens too early, can play a role. Certain infections, including cytomegalovirus, rubella, or parvovirus, are also associated with pregnancy loss. Uncontrolled chronic medical conditions, like diabetes, high blood pressure, or thyroid disease, can also increase the risk. In many cases, the specific cause of a spontaneous abortion remains unknown.
Recognizing Signs and Seeking Care
The most common signs of a spontaneous abortion include vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping. Bleeding can range from light spotting to heavy bleeding with blood clots or tissue. Abdominal pain may feel like menstrual cramps and vary in intensity. Some individuals may also notice a sudden decrease in typical pregnancy symptoms, such as nausea or breast tenderness.
If these signs occur, contact a healthcare provider promptly. Evaluations may include a pelvic examination, blood tests to measure human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels, and an ultrasound. An ultrasound can confirm the presence of a fetal heartbeat or proper pregnancy growth. These steps help determine the pregnancy’s status and guide appropriate medical care.
Coping and Future Considerations
Experiencing a spontaneous abortion can be an emotionally challenging event, often accompanied by feelings of sadness, anxiety, or guilt. It is important for individuals to allow themselves time to grieve and process these emotions. Seeking support from loved ones, support groups, or a mental health professional can be beneficial during this period of recovery.
Physical recovery after a spontaneous abortion typically involves cramping and vaginal bleeding, which can last from a few days to several weeks, similar to a menstrual period. Normal menstrual cycles usually resume within three to six weeks. Most individuals can resume normal activities within a few days, but strenuous activities should be avoided if they cause pain.
Most women who experience one spontaneous abortion go on to have successful future pregnancies. The risk of another spontaneous abortion does not significantly increase after a single loss. While some healthcare providers recommend waiting a few months, studies suggest that attempting to conceive within one to three months after an early pregnancy loss may not increase risks and could even lead to better outcomes. The decision to try for another pregnancy should consider physical and emotional readiness, guided by a healthcare provider’s advice.