The plant popularly known as the “split leaf philodendron” has become a fixture in modern interior design, celebrated for its dramatic, large foliage and tropical aesthetic. This houseplant is highly sought after by enthusiasts and newcomers alike, primarily for the striking visual effect created by its perforated leaves. The signature characteristic of the mature leaves is the presence of natural holes and deep cuts, which lend the plant its common, descriptive name.
Clarifying the Identity: Monstera deliciosa
The common name “split leaf philodendron” is actually a misnomer, as the plant most people refer to is botanically classified as Monstera deliciosa. While both plants belong to the same Araceae family, they are in different genera. The widespread confusion stems from their similar appearance and the popular use of the descriptive name. Monstera deliciosa is native to the tropical rainforests of Central America, stretching from southern Mexico down to Panama.
The plant’s most defining feature is its large, glossy, heart-shaped leaves that develop natural holes and deep splits as they mature, a process called fenestration. These openings are believed to help the plant withstand heavy winds and allow light to penetrate to lower leaves in its dense, native jungle canopy. New, juvenile leaves emerge whole and solid, with perforations appearing only as the plant ages and receives sufficient light.
In the wild, Monstera deliciosa is an epiphyte, meaning it climbs trees, using aerial roots to anchor itself and absorb moisture and nutrients from the air. Because of this growth habit, the plant is often incorrectly grouped with true philodendrons. The plant is also known by the nicknames “Swiss cheese plant” or “hurricane plant,” both referencing the distinctive holes in its foliage.
Essential Requirements for Indoor Growth
To successfully cultivate Monstera deliciosa indoors, providing consistent, bright, indirect light is paramount for healthy growth and leaf development. Placing the plant near an east-facing window or a few feet away from a south or west-facing window is ideal. Direct, intense afternoon sun should be avoided as it can scorch the leaves. Insufficient light is the primary reason the plant will not develop its coveted fenestrations, resulting in smaller, solid leaves.
Careful attention to watering practices is necessary to prevent common issues like root rot. The plant thrives when its soil is allowed to dry out partially between waterings, typically when the top two to three inches of the potting mix feel dry to the touch. When watering, soak the soil thoroughly until excess water drains from the pot’s bottom holes, ensuring the root ball is fully hydrated.
The plant’s tropical origins require a preference for well-draining, airy soil that mimics the jungle floor environment. A mix incorporating materials like orchid bark, perlite, and standard potting mix provides the necessary aeration and drainage to keep the roots healthy. Since Monstera deliciosa is a natural climber, it benefits significantly from a support structure like a moss pole or trellis to encourage upright growth and the production of larger, more mature leaves.
This species prefers standard indoor temperatures ranging from 65°F to 85°F, which is easily maintained in most homes. While it can tolerate average household humidity, providing higher moisture levels, ideally between 50% and 70%, will help the foliage remain lush. Grouping the plant with others or using a nearby humidifier are effective ways to increase the localized humidity.
Toxicity and Safe Handling
All parts of Monstera deliciosa, except for its fully ripe fruit, are considered toxic to humans and pets if ingested. The plant contains insoluble calcium oxalate crystals, which are the main toxic agent found in many species of the Araceae family. These microscopic, needle-shaped crystals are contained within the plant’s sap and tissues.
If an animal or child chews or ingests the plant material, the calcium oxalate crystals can penetrate the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. This results in immediate and intense symptoms. Symptoms include oral irritation, a burning sensation in the mouth, excessive drooling, swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat, and difficulty swallowing. Ingestion can also lead to vomiting and general gastrointestinal distress.
The toxicity is not considered life-threatening in most cases, but the pain and discomfort are significant, warranting immediate medical or veterinary attention. To ensure a safe environment, place the plant out of reach of small children and household pets. When pruning or handling the plant, wearing protective gloves is a practical measure to prevent the sap from causing skin irritation.