Skin fissures are linear breaks that develop in the skin. They range from shallow to deep, often causing discomfort. They form when skin loses flexibility and integrity, compromising its protective barrier.
What Are Skin Fissures?
These breaks can be superficial, affecting only the outermost layers, or extend deeper into the dermis, potentially causing bleeding. The surrounding skin often appears dry, thickened, or calloused.
Fissures commonly occur in areas of the body subjected to movement, pressure, or extreme dryness. Frequent locations include the heels of the feet, fingertips, and the corners of the mouth. These areas are prone to fissuring because the skin may be thinner, constantly stretched, or regularly exposed to environmental stressors.
Common Causes of Skin Fissures
Extreme dryness (xerosis) frequently causes skin fissures. When skin lacks moisture, it becomes less elastic and more susceptible to cracking, especially in areas under mechanical stress like the heels. Environmental factors like cold weather, low humidity, and frequent exposure to hot water or harsh soaps strip the skin of its natural oils, contributing to dryness.
Repetitive trauma or friction also contributes to fissure formation. For instance, walking barefoot or ill-fitting shoes can put pressure on the feet, causing the skin to expand and crack. Certain underlying skin conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, and athlete’s foot, increase susceptibility due to chronic inflammation, dryness, or fungal activity. Additionally, conditions like diabetes heighten the risk of fissures, particularly on the feet, due to impaired circulation and nerve function.
Relief and Home Care for Skin Fissures
Consistent home care promotes healing and reduces discomfort for minor skin fissures. Keeping the affected area clean and moisturized is primary. Applying a thick, emollient cream or ointment, especially after bathing when the skin is still damp, can help trap moisture. Moisturizers with urea, glycerin, or petroleum jelly are often recommended for hydration.
Protecting the fissured area from further irritation is beneficial. This involves using bandages or liquid bandages to cover the crack, providing a protective barrier. For thickened areas like the heels, gentle exfoliation with a pumice stone can help remove dead skin cells.
Preventing Skin Fissures
Proactive measures significantly reduce the likelihood of skin fissures. Maintaining overall body hydration by drinking sufficient water contributes to skin health. Using humidifiers in dry environments, particularly during colder months, helps prevent skin from losing moisture.
Protecting skin from harsh elements and irritants is a preventative strategy. Wearing gloves for chores involving water or chemicals, and using appropriate footwear that provides support and cushioning, minimizes friction and stress on the skin. Regularly moisturizing, especially after washing, maintains the skin’s natural barrier and elasticity.
When to Consult a Doctor
Seek medical evaluation for skin fissures that do not improve with consistent home care. If fissures are deep, bleed frequently, or cause significant pain, professional assessment is important. Signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, warmth, or pus, warrant immediate medical attention.
Individuals with underlying health conditions, such as diabetes, should consult a healthcare provider for any developing fissures. These conditions can complicate healing and increase the risk of more serious complications like ulcers.