The term “red bug” commonly refers to chiggers, the larval stage of certain mites in the Trombiculidae family. These tiny creatures cause intensely itchy bites in humans and animals. While “red bug” can colloquially describe other insects, in the context of skin irritation, it almost exclusively refers to these larval mites. Understanding chiggers involves recognizing their appearance, preferred environments, and how they interact with skin, which is important for managing bites and preventing future encounters.
Identifying Red Bugs
The “red bugs” that cause skin irritation are the larval stage of mites, which are arachnids, not insects. These chiggers are extremely small, about 0.3 millimeters, making them nearly invisible. They appear as tiny, reddish-orange specks, visible with a magnifying glass. Chigger larvae have six legs, while their nymph and adult forms have eight.
Only the larval stage attaches to and feeds on humans and animals. Adult chiggers and nymphs are larger, about 1 millimeter, and are not parasitic; they feed on insect eggs and small insects in the soil. Other insects sometimes called “red bugs,” like boxelder bugs, do not bite humans or cause the characteristic itchy reaction of chiggers.
Where Red Bugs Live and How They Affect You
Chiggers thrive in warm, humid environments, common in grassy areas, tall weeds, forests, and damp locations near water. They are prevalent in temperate climates, such as the southeastern United States, where temperatures range from 77°F to 86°F. Chiggers typically stay within a foot of the ground, found in leaf litter, low bushes, and grass tips, waiting for a host.
When a host passes by, chigger larvae attach, often to areas where clothing fits tightly, like waistbands, ankles, or behind the knees. Chiggers do not burrow into skin or feed on blood. Instead, they use blade-like mouthparts to create an opening and inject digestive enzymes into the skin. These enzymes break down skin cells, forming a feeding tube called a stylostome, through which the chigger consumes liquefied tissue.
This enzymatic injection causes an intense allergic reaction, leading to severe itching and the development of red, pimple-like bumps or welts. Itching can begin several hours after attachment and often peaks within 24 to 48 hours, even after the chigger detaches. Bites are typically painless at attachment, with discomfort arising from the body’s reaction to the digestive enzymes.
Managing Red Bug Bites
Managing chigger bites focuses on alleviating intense itching and discomfort. Immediately after potential exposure, wash affected skin thoroughly with soap and water to remove any remaining chiggers. A warm, soapy shower can help dislodge mites that have not yet attached.
For symptomatic relief, apply over-the-counter treatments like calamine lotion, hydrocortisone cream, or other anti-itch creams containing menthol or camphor. Oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, can lessen itching, especially if severe or disruptive to sleep. Applying a cool compress or ice pack can further reduce swelling and irritation. Avoid excessive scratching, as this can break the skin and lead to secondary bacterial infections. If signs of infection develop, such as increased redness, swelling, pus, or fever, medical attention may be necessary.
Preventing Red Bug Encounters
Preventing chigger bites involves personal protective measures and environmental management. When in chigger-prone areas, wear protective clothing. Long pants, long-sleeved shirts, and closed-toe shoes minimize exposed skin. Tucking pant legs into socks or boots and buttoning cuffs and collars creates barriers.
Use insect repellents containing DEET or permethrin. Apply DEET to exposed skin; spray permethrin onto clothing and allow it to dry for long-lasting repellency. After returning indoors from chigger-infested areas, shower promptly and wash worn clothing in hot water to remove any mites.
Maintaining your yard can reduce chigger populations. Regular mowing, trimming overgrown shrubs, and removing leaf litter create a less appealing environment. Chiggers prefer dense, moist vegetation, so improving air circulation and reducing shade makes an area less hospitable.