“Pucker bush” is a common name for Rhus trilobata, also widely known as Skunkbush Sumac or Three-leaf Sumac. This resilient plant is native to western and central North America. It thrives in diverse conditions, making it a notable species. This shrub offers unique characteristics and historical uses, valued for its ecological contributions and cultural significance.
Identification and Characteristics
Rhus trilobata is a deciduous shrub, typically growing 2 to 8 feet tall, sometimes up to 12 feet. It often forms rounded, mound-like thickets. Its branches are often fuzzy when new, becoming smoother with age.
Leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, composed of three leaflets. Leaflets are often ovate to rhomboid with coarsely toothed margins. When crushed, the leaves emit a distinct, strong odor, contributing to its common name “skunkbush.” In autumn, foliage transitions from green to vibrant yellow, orange, and red, adding seasonal interest.
Small, yellowish-green flowers appear in dense clusters in spring (April to July), often before the leaves emerge. It is dioecious, meaning individual plants are male or female, so both sexes are needed for fruit production. Female plants produce small, reddish, hairy, and sticky berries (drupes). These berries, about 5-7 mm in diameter, are tart and often persist through fall and winter, providing a food source for wildlife.
Habitat and Ecological Role
Rhus trilobata is widely distributed across western and central North America, from Canada to Mexico and eastward. It thrives in diverse environments, including dry, rocky slopes, open woodlands, canyons, and disturbed areas. It exhibits significant drought tolerance once established, adapting to various soil types (sandy to heavy clay) and preferring well-drained conditions. It grows in full sun to partial shade.
It provides food and cover for various wildlife. Its persistent red berries are an important food source for birds and small mammals, particularly in colder months. Dense thickets offer valuable hiding and nesting cover for small animals. Its extensive and deep root system contributes to erosion control.
Traditional and Modern Uses
Historically, Rhus trilobata was a versatile plant for Indigenous peoples across North America. The tart berries were consumed fresh, dried, or mixed with cornmeal, and steeped in water for a lemonade-like drink. Pliable young stems were highly valued for basketry due to their flexibility and durability, and also used for cradles and ceremonial purposes. Various plant parts, including berries, leaves, bark, and roots, were used for medicinal purposes, such as remedies for stomach problems, toothaches, and skin conditions. The plant also produced various dyes, including black, brown, and orange.
In contemporary applications, “pucker bush” is recognized for its landscaping utility. Its exceptional drought tolerance and adaptability make it suitable for low-maintenance gardens and xeriscaping. Its ability to form dense thickets and its strong root system make it valuable for erosion control, windbreaks, and shelterbelts. Its vibrant fall foliage and persistent red berries provide ornamental value, enhancing landscape aesthetics and attracting wildlife. The berries remain edible and can be used to make beverages or as a tart seasoning.
Considerations and Similar Plants
Rhus trilobata is commonly called “skunkbush” due to its distinctive odor when crushed, but it is not considered toxic. Although some individuals might experience mild skin irritation from direct contact, this is not a widespread issue and is unlike the severe reactions caused by other plants.
Confusion often arises with Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix), which is highly allergenic. However, Rhus trilobata is distinctly different. Poison Sumac typically grows in wet areas, featuring smooth-edged leaflets and white or grayish berries in loose clusters. In contrast, Rhus trilobata prefers dry habitats, has three-lobed or coarsely toothed leaflets, and produces sticky, red berries that are more compact.
Rhus trilobata can spread by rhizomes, forming thickets, but is generally not considered invasive within its native range. Its vigorous growth can lead to dense patches, which can be managed through occasional pruning if a more contained form is desired.