Potoos are a family of nocturnal birds found across the Neotropics. They are members of the family Nyctibiidae, which includes seven distinct species. Potoos are not closely related to owls, despite their large eyes and nocturnal habits, but are cousins of nightjars.
Physical Traits and Camouflage
Potoos exhibit distinct physical characteristics that aid in their survival, particularly their camouflage. They possess large, forward-facing eyes, adapted for low-light vision and nocturnal hunting. Their eyes also have unique slits in the eyelids, allowing potoos to sense movement and light even when closed, beneficial for detecting threats while resting.
A wide gape characterizes the potoo’s mouth, ideal for capturing flying insects. Potoos have cryptic plumage, typically mottled in shades of gray, brown, black, and white, enabling them to blend seamlessly with branches or tree stumps.
During the day, potoos adopt an upright posture, perching motionless on tree stumps or broken branches. They stretch their bodies and point their beaks upward, resembling a natural part of the tree. This ability to remain perfectly still and their disruptive coloration make them difficult to spot, serving as their primary defense. If disturbed, they may maintain this “freeze” position.
Habitat and Lifestyle
Potoos are distributed throughout the Neotropics. The greatest diversity of species is found within the Amazon Basin. They inhabit various forested environments, including tropical and subtropical forests, woodlands, and savannas, preferring areas with ample tree cover for daytime roosts.
These birds are highly nocturnal. During daylight hours, they remain still and camouflaged on their perches. Potoos are solitary creatures, with interactions mainly occurring between parents and their young.
Their hunting strategy involves perching motionless on an exposed branch, waiting for flying insects. Once prey is detected, they sally out, snatching the insect in mid-air, then often return to the same perch. Their diet consists mainly of large flying insects such as beetles, moths, grasshoppers, and termites. Some species may also occasionally consume bats or small birds.
Distinctive Vocalizations
Potoos are well-known for their unique and often haunting vocalizations. Each species has its own distinctive call, ranging from low moans to repetitive whistles. These sounds are frequently described as melancholic, mournful, or eerie.
For instance, the Common Potoo’s call is a melodic, descending song that has led to its alternative name, “poor-me-one.” Other species, like the Great Potoo, produce a deep, moaning growl. These vocalizations serve various purposes, including territorial defense and attracting mates. The distinctive calls have also inspired folklore in some Indigenous cultures, with interpretations varying from children calling for lost parents to spirits of the night.