The pigfish (Orthopristis chrysoptera) is a common marine species found in coastal waters, recognized for its distinctive sounds. This fish is a member of the grunt family, Haemulidae, a group known for their unique vocalizations.
Identifying the Pigfish
The pigfish possesses an ovate-elliptical body shape, with its body depth measuring between 30% and 38% of its standard length. Adults rarely exceed 230 millimeters (9 inches). The species can be identified by its pale blue-grey to light brown coloration dorsally, which gradually transitions to silver on its underside.
Each scale on the pigfish has a blue center and a bronze spot on its edge, forming distinct stripes that trail slightly upwards above the lateral line and extend horizontally below it. The head often displays bronze spots, and the fins are characteristically yellow-brown with dusky margins. Its dorsal fin typically contains 12 to 13 spines followed by 15 to 16 soft rays, while the anal fin features three spines and 12 to 13 soft rays. Both the dorsal and anal fin spines are covered by a deep, scaly sheath.
Habitat and Diet
Pigfish inhabit the western Atlantic Ocean, ranging from New York to the northern Bahamas and Bermuda, and throughout the Gulf of Mexico. They are commonly found in shallow, nearshore waters, including estuaries, bays, and canals. These fish prefer soft bottom habitats such as sand, mud, and seagrass beds, but can also be found around jetties, reefs, and other underwater structures. Pigfish can tolerate a broad range of water temperatures and salinities.
Their diet changes as they mature; larvae and young juveniles are planktivorous. As they grow, pigfish transition to a carnivorous diet, feeding on a variety of benthic invertebrates, including polychaetes, worms, and crustaceans. Larger pigfish may also consume mollusks and smaller fish.
The Distinctive Sound
The common name “pigfish” originates from the unique grunting or chattering sounds these fish produce. This vocalization occurs when the fish are agitated, such as when they are caught. The mechanism behind this sound involves the pigfish grinding their pharyngeal teeth together.
The sound produced by the grinding teeth is then amplified by their swim bladder. These vocalizations are thought to serve various purposes, including communication with other fish, territorial defense, or as a response to stress.
Pigfish and People
Pigfish are a popular target for recreational anglers, often caught using hook and line, traps, and seines. While sometimes kept for consumption, they are widely valued as live bait for larger predatory fish, such as snappers, groupers, and spotted seatrout. Their lively nature is believed to attract these larger species.
The flesh is edible, offering a mild, sweet flavor. They can be prepared in various ways, including frying, grilling, or baking. Commercially, pigfish are important in the baitfish industry. The species is abundant and not currently considered endangered.