Perinatology, also known as maternal-fetal medicine, is a specialized branch of obstetrics focusing on the health of both the mother and the fetus during pregnancy, particularly when complications arise. Ultrasound technology uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal body structures. A perinatology ultrasound is a highly specialized form of prenatal imaging. This advanced diagnostic tool is used for high-risk pregnancies, offering detailed insights beyond what routine obstetric ultrasounds provide.
What is Perinatology Ultrasound
A perinatology ultrasound is an advanced diagnostic imaging procedure performed by a maternal-fetal medicine specialist, also known as a perinatologist. These specialists are obstetrician-gynecologists with additional fellowship training in managing complex pregnancies and treating complications. The ultrasound provides detailed, high-resolution images of the fetus and maternal anatomy, allowing for a thorough assessment of potential concerns.
This specialized scan differs significantly from a routine obstetric ultrasound. While routine ultrasounds confirm pregnancy, estimate gestational age, and screen for general developmental issues, a perinatology ultrasound offers a much higher level of detail and diagnostic capability. It employs more sophisticated equipment and requires the perinatologist’s specialized expertise to interpret intricate findings. The enhanced resolution allows for a more focused examination of specific fetal organs, growth patterns, and maternal conditions, aiding in identifying and monitoring complex pregnancy situations.
Reasons for a Perinatology Ultrasound
A healthcare provider might recommend a perinatology ultrasound when specific indications or risk factors suggest the need for a more detailed assessment. Advanced maternal age (35 years or older) is a common reason for referral due to an increased risk of certain complications. Pregnancies involving multiples, such as twins or triplets, also often warrant specialized ultrasound monitoring due to increased complexities.
Pre-existing maternal health conditions can also prompt a referral for this specialized scan. Conditions like diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, autoimmune disorders, or kidney disease may affect pregnancy outcomes and require close monitoring. A history of complications in previous pregnancies, including recurrent miscarriages, preterm labor, or stillbirths, is another significant indication.
Concerns arising from a routine ultrasound, such as suspected structural abnormalities, deviations in fetal growth, or unusual amniotic fluid levels, often lead to a perinatology referral. Abnormal results from genetic screening tests, suggesting a higher risk of chromosomal conditions, also prompt further investigation with a detailed perinatology ultrasound. These factors guide healthcare providers in determining when this advanced imaging is appropriate for comprehensive care.
Conditions Evaluated by Perinatology Ultrasound
A perinatology ultrasound is designed to identify, monitor, or rule out a range of specific fetal and maternal conditions. Detailed assessment of fetal anatomy is a primary focus, allowing for the detection of structural abnormalities that might not be visible on a routine scan. This includes examining the brain, heart, spine, limbs, and abdominal organs for any developmental differences, such as congenital heart defects or neural tube defects.
Fetal growth restriction, where the baby is smaller than expected for gestational age, is another condition carefully evaluated. The ultrasound measures fetal biometrics like head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length to estimate weight and track growth patterns. Doppler ultrasound, a component of the perinatology scan, assesses blood flow through the umbilical cord and fetal vessels, which is important for understanding nutrient and oxygen delivery.
Placental issues are also thoroughly examined, including conditions like placenta previa or placenta accreta. The scan can also detect abnormalities in amniotic fluid levels, either too much (polyhydramnios) or too little (oligohydramnios), both of which can signal underlying problems. Perinatology ultrasounds can also identify genetic syndromes through characteristic physical markers, even if a definitive diagnosis requires additional testing.
Undergoing a Perinatology Ultrasound
Patients typically experience a perinatology ultrasound as an outpatient procedure. Preparation instructions may vary, but for transabdominal scans, a full bladder is often requested to help improve image clarity. The procedure generally involves lying on an examination table, where a clear gel is applied to the abdomen.
A sonographer or perinatologist then moves a transducer, a handheld device that emits and receives sound waves, across the gel-covered area. These sound waves create real-time images of the fetus and surrounding structures on a monitor. The duration of the scan can vary, often lasting between 30 minutes to an hour, especially if the baby’s position makes certain views challenging or if multiple measurements are needed.
Following the scan, the perinatologist discusses the findings with the patient, explaining any observations and their implications. Results are communicated immediately, and a detailed report is provided to the referring healthcare provider. Depending on the findings, further tests or consultations with other specialists may be recommended.