A parathyroid adenoma is a non-cancerous growth on one or more parathyroid glands, typically located in the neck. This benign tumor causes the affected gland to produce excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH). This overproduction disrupts the body’s calcium balance, leading to elevated calcium levels in the bloodstream, a condition called hypercalcemia.
The Role of Parathyroid Glands
Individuals typically have four pea-sized parathyroid glands, located behind the thyroid gland. These endocrine glands maintain stable calcium and phosphate levels by producing parathyroid hormone (PTH).
PTH regulates calcium by influencing bones, kidneys, and the small intestine. It prompts bones to release calcium into the bloodstream, signals kidneys to reabsorb it, and promotes intestinal absorption from food. This regulation is essential for proper nerve and muscle function, and bone health.
How Parathyroid Adenomas Impact Health
A parathyroid adenoma leads to hyperparathyroidism, where overactive glands secrete too much PTH. This causes a persistent increase in blood calcium levels, known as hypercalcemia, resulting in various symptoms.
Symptoms of hypercalcemia can include fatigue, generalized weakness, and bone or joint pain. Individuals may also experience cognitive issues such as memory loss, confusion, or difficulty concentrating, along with mood changes like depression or irritability. Gastrointestinal problems, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and constipation, can also occur.
If left unaddressed, sustained high calcium levels can lead to long-term complications. These include bone weakening, progressing to osteoporosis, and kidney stones. High calcium levels are also associated with cardiovascular issues like high blood pressure and certain heart conditions.
Detecting a Parathyroid Adenoma
Detection often begins with routine blood tests revealing higher-than-normal calcium levels. Elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, alongside high calcium, indicate a need for further investigation.
Imaging studies then pinpoint the adenoma. Common techniques include Sestamibi scans, which use a radioactive tracer, and ultrasound of the neck. CT scans can also be used to precisely locate the affected gland.
Managing and Treating Parathyroid Adenomas
Surgical removal of the affected gland, known as parathyroidectomy, is the main treatment. This surgery is often minimally invasive, involving small incisions for faster recovery. The surgeon removes only the overactive gland, leaving healthy glands intact.
If surgery is not an option, such as for individuals with mild symptoms or those unsuitable for surgery, non-surgical management is considered. This involves careful monitoring of calcium and PTH levels. Medications like cinacalcet may also be prescribed to help lower blood calcium and PTH. Following successful surgery, calcium levels typically return to normal, alleviating symptoms and preventing further complications.