“No-see-ums” are tiny, biting insects known for their ability to go unnoticed, their common name reflecting their minuscule size. Also called biting midges or sandflies, they are a significant nuisance due to their painful bites. They are often felt before they are seen.
Characteristics and Habitat
No-see-ums typically measure between 1 and 3 millimeters in length, making them difficult to spot with the naked eye. They have a gnat-like appearance with gray, dark bodies and two wings covered in dense hairs that create distinct patterns. These insects are part of the Ceratopogonidae family, with over 5,000 species found globally, excluding the polar regions.
These small flies thrive in moist, humid environments and are commonly found near coastal areas, salt marshes, wetlands, and other habitats with standing water. Their larvae require water and can develop in mud, sand, and debris at the edges of ponds, lakes, and even tree holes. No-see-ums are most active during dawn and dusk, or on overcast days, when the air is calm and humidity is high.
The Bite and Its Impact
No-see-um bites are often described as a sharp sting or burning feeling. Unlike mosquitoes that pierce the skin, no-see-ums use sharp mandibles to slice into the skin, leading to immediate and intense irritation. The female no-see-um requires a blood meal to produce eggs, and during the bite, she injects saliva containing anticoagulants.
This saliva causes the body to release histamines, leading to skin reactions like small, red welts or itchy bumps. The itching can be intense and prolonged, often lasting for several days, sometimes up to two weeks. Scratching the bites can worsen irritation and increase the risk of secondary infection.
Managing No-See-Ums
Preventing no-see-um bites involves strategies, including insect repellents. Repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus are recommended. Wearing protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts and pants, can reduce exposed skin.
To minimize their presence around homes, install fine-mesh screens on windows and doors, as no-see-ums are small enough to pass through standard screens. Avoiding outdoor activities during their peak activity times (dawn and dusk) and in known habitats can help. For treating bites, wash the affected area with soap and water immediately. Applying anti-itch creams like hydrocortisone or calamine lotion, using cold compresses, or taking oral antihistamines can alleviate discomfort and itching.