The navel, commonly known as the belly button, is a universal anatomical feature located on the abdomen. It represents a scar, a permanent mark on the body. This small depression or protrusion is a distinct landmark. While its appearance varies among individuals, it consistently marks a specific point on the human torso.
Anatomy and Purpose
The navel, also known as the umbilicus, is primarily a scar resulting from the detachment of the umbilical cord. This small depression, or sometimes protrusion, is centrally located on the abdomen. It is composed of skin and dense underlying scar tissue, which is a remnant of the structures that once supported fetal circulation.
After birth, the navel holds no active physiological function. Unlike its role in connecting the fetus to the placenta, it does not serve a purpose in nutrient exchange or waste removal in an adult body. While it is not directly connected to internal organs, it is anchored to the abdominal wall’s fascia, similar to other skin areas. This makes it a consistent and useful anatomical landmark for medical assessments and surgical planning.
How It Forms
The navel’s origin traces back to the umbilical cord, a structure that facilitates life support for the developing fetus. During gestation, this cord connects the fetus to the placenta, acting as a lifeline that delivers oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies from the mother while removing metabolic waste products. The umbilical cord specifically contains two arteries and one vein, which are crucial for this circulatory exchange.
Upon birth, the newborn’s circulatory system adapts to independent breathing, rendering the umbilical cord unnecessary. Healthcare professionals then clamp and cut the cord, leaving a small stump attached to the baby’s abdomen. This remnant stump contains the now non-functional umbilical vessels.
Over the subsequent 1 to 4 weeks, this umbilical stump naturally dries and shrivels. As it dehydrates, the tissue darkens and eventually detaches from the body. The underlying tissue then heals and scars, forming the distinct depression or protrusion known as the navel. This process transforms the former site of connection into a permanent, fibrous mark on the abdomen.
Variations in Appearance
The navel’s appearance can differ significantly among individuals, ranging from a recessed “innie” to a protruding “outie.” This shape is primarily determined by how the umbilical cord stump heals after falling off. If the remaining tissue heals inward, it forms an “innie,” which is the more common type. Conversely, an “outie” occurs when the scar tissue protrudes outward.
Factors such as genetics, body fat distribution, and abdominal muscle tone also contribute to the navel’s specific shape and depth. Temporary changes in navel appearance can occur due to pregnancy, where an “innie” might become an “outie” as the abdomen expands. In some instances, an “outie” might be caused by an umbilical hernia or an umbilical granuloma, which are typically harmless conditions where tissue bulges near the navel.
Care and Common Concerns
Maintaining navel hygiene is important for preventing odor and skin issues. Regular cleaning with mild soap and water during showering is sufficient. After washing, gently pat the area completely dry, as moisture can encourage bacterial or fungal growth. For deeper “innies,” a cotton swab can assist in cleaning and drying the folds. Avoiding lotions or creams inside the navel is also recommended to prevent moisture trapping.
Common concerns include unpleasant odors, often caused by the accumulation of lint, sweat, and dead skin cells. However, persistent symptoms like redness, swelling, pain or tenderness, and any discharge (foul-smelling, yellow, green, or bloody) can indicate an infection. A fever accompanying these symptoms also warrants prompt medical attention.
Navel piercings require aftercare due to their prolonged healing time, often 6 to 12 months. Proper care involves cleaning with saline solution and avoiding tight clothing that can cause friction. Signs of a piercing complication include swelling, pain, discolored or odorous discharge, and red lines radiating from the site. In adults, navel piercings can sometimes trigger the formation of an umbilical granuloma, which may be painful.