The myrtle tree, botanically known as Myrtus communis, is a fragrant evergreen shrub or small tree steeped in history and Mediterranean tradition. Its small, glossy leaves release a distinct, pleasant aroma when crushed. This species is celebrated for its longevity and its association with ancient rites and cultural symbolism. The true myrtle tree is a resilient plant whose utility spans from flavoring cuisine to providing aromatic essential oils.
Defining the True Myrtle
The plant commonly referred to as the true myrtle belongs to the genus Myrtus within the Myrtaceae family, the same botanical family as eucalyptus and guava. The species Myrtus communis is the classic Mediterranean myrtle, distinguished from unrelated plants that share the common name, such as crape myrtle or California wax myrtle.
The plant typically presents as a dense, mounding evergreen shrub, though it can mature into a small tree, reaching heights of up to 16 feet. Its small, dark green leaves are leathery and contain oil glands that are the source of its fragrance. In late spring and summer, the myrtle produces showy, star-like white flowers, sometimes tinged with pink, featuring numerous prominent stamens. These flowers are followed by round, purplish-black berries, approximately 0.4 inches in diameter.
A subspecies, M. communis subsp. tarentina, is known for its more compact form and smaller leaves, often used for ornamental trimming. The plant’s evergreen nature ensures year-round visual interest and a persistent aromatic presence.
Geographic Origin and Preferred Environment
The myrtle tree is native to the Mediterranean Basin, encompassing Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. This habitat shaped its preference for a climate characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The plant has since been widely cultivated and naturalized in other regions with similar subtropical conditions, including parts of North America.
It thrives best in full sun, though it can tolerate partial shade, and requires well-drained soil to prevent root rot. The myrtle is highly adaptable to various soil types, ranging from sandy to clay, and tolerates a wide pH range. Established plants exhibit good drought tolerance, reflecting their adaptation to arid coastal and hillside scrublands. It is moderately frost-hardy, typically surviving temperatures down to about 14°F (USDA hardiness zones 8 through 10).
Historical and Cultural Significance
The myrtle has been a plant of profound symbolic importance since ancient times, particularly within Mediterranean cultures. In Greek mythology, the myrtle was sacred to Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, leading to its symbolism of fidelity and eternal love. The Romans adopted this association, dedicating the plant to their counterpart, Venus, and using it in ceremonies to honor marriage.
Myrtle sprigs were incorporated into wreaths, garlands, and ceremonial decorations throughout history. In Jewish tradition, the myrtle, known as Hadassah, is one of the four sacred species used during the festival of Sukkot. The tradition of including myrtle in bridal bouquets persists in European customs today, stemming from its ancient association with love and fertility.
Practical Modern Applications
Today, the myrtle tree is utilized in various practical ways, leveraging the aromatic properties found in its leaves and berries. The essential oil is extracted through steam distillation of the leaves and twigs, yielding a pale yellow to amber liquid with a fresh, herbal aroma. This oil is valued in aromatherapy and is a common ingredient in perfumery and cosmetic formulations.
In the culinary world, the leaves and berries of Myrtus communis are used as a distinctive flavoring agent. The aromatic berries are the primary ingredient in Mirto, a traditional red liqueur produced on the Italian islands of Sardinia and Corsica. Myrtle leaves can also be used, similar to bay leaves, to impart a warm, spicy, and slightly bitter flavor to roasted meats, stews, and soups.
Myrtle is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in landscaping due to its dense, evergreen foliage and fragrant flowers. Its tolerance for pruning makes it a popular choice for formal hedges, screens, and topiary.